defense – Philosophical Papers (2024)

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Return to Wikimedia talk:Babel. This page in a nutshell: Courtesy vanishing is one of the ways to indicate a permanent leave from Wikimedia project, similar to “close account” in some other websites. It may remove your (user)name from history of pages you edits, and much other personal information and discussions about user conduct. app://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_2001/19/EC
•To preserve attribution, it is not possible to delete an account.
•Vanishing does not guarantee anonymity. Association may still be easily found in various ways.
•Even if vanish is intended to be permanent, it may still be reversed.
Are you in the right place?
•If you want to leave Wikimedia projects but do not care in your past associations or intend to rejoin Wikipedia in the future, simply stop editing. You may optionally add {{Retired}} to your userpage.
•If you want to edit using another username, you should use changing username and clean start instead.
•If you want to hide personal information, consider oversight.
The right to vanish was first proposed on MeatBall; see MeatBall:RightToVanish. The principle it embodies is that contributors leaving a project permanently may have any personal contributions unrelated to the core mission of the project removed.[1] It is similar to the WikiMindWipe, but far less reaching. In the context of the Wikimedia Foundation, the term was first used on the English Wikipedia, where it became a customary courtesy before the formation of the Foundation. (See Wikipedia:Courtesy vanishing). {{Template:BLPLang}}
{{resolution
|title =Biographies of living people
|notes =This resolution stating the Foundation’s position regarding Biographies of Living Persons was passed in April 2009. It was [[Resolution:Media_about_living_people|”’amended”’]] in November 2013.
}}
The Wikimedia Foundation takes this opportunity to reiterate some core principles related to our shared vision, mission, and values. One of these values which is common to all our projects is a commitment to maintaining a neutral point of view.
In our efforts to offer a source of knowledge that is valuable and useful to all, we have a responsibility to uphold these values by also providing accurate information. Participants in Wikimedia projects have created resources of vast size and scope. As we have emphasized for several years, in addition to the quantity of knowledge that is available, its quality is also an essential matter. The generally high quality of information in Wikimedia projects has been confirmed by a number of studies, but it is important that we always strive to improve. As with any endeavor that provides educational and informational material, errors need to be avoided, especially when they have the potential to cause harm. One area where this applies is when writing about living people.
Increasingly, Wikimedia articles are among the top search engine results for just about any query. That means that when a potential employer, a colleague, friend, neighbor or acquaintance looks for information about a person, they may find it at the Wikimedia sites. As the popularity of the Wikimedia projects grows, so does the editing community’s responsibility to ensure articles about living people are neutrally-written, accurate and well-sourced.
As our popularity has grown, some issues have become more prominent:
* Many people create articles that are overly promotional in tone: about themselves, people they admire, or those they are paid to represent. These are not neutral, and have no place in our projects. Generally, the Wikimedia community protects the projects well against this common problem by deleting or improving hagiographies.
* People sometimes vandalize articles about living people. The Wikimedia community has developed tools and techniques for counteracting vandalism: in general they seem to work reasonably well.
* Some articles about living people contain small errors, are poorly-written or poorly-sourced. Articles about people who are only marginally well-known are often neglected, and tend to improve much more slowly over time, if at all.
* People sometimes make edits designed to smear others. This is difficult to identify and counteract, particularly if the malicious editor is persistent.
The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees urges the global Wikimedia community to uphold and strengthen our commitment to high-quality, accurate information, by:
# Ensuring that projects in all languages that describe living people have policies in place calling for special attention to the principles of neutrality and verifiability in those articles;
# Taking human dignity and respect for personal privacy into account when adding or removing information, especially in articles of ephemeral or marginal interest;
# Investigating new technical mechanisms to assess edits, particularly when they affect living people, and to better enable readers to report problems;
# Treating any person who has a complaint about how they are described in our projects with patience, kindness, and respect, and encouraging others to do the same.
[[Category:Resolutions passed in 2009]]
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As a part of the Foundation’s commitment to respect community autonomy, the Trust & Safety team does not handle general community or community-member disputes that may be addressed through community processes, nor does it serve as an appeal venue for community-made policies and decisions. While we are happy to assist community members in need of help, many times that help will consist of assisting the person to find the right community venue to solve their problem.
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•
•https://foundation.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedrecentchanges&days=7&feedformat=atom&hidebots=1&hidecategorization=1&limit=50&translations=filter&urlversion=1 Wikimedia Foundation Governance Wiki – Recent changes [en] 2022-09-02T07:25:58Z Track the most recent changes to the wiki in this feed. MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.27 https://foundation.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MCDC_Engagement_Survey_Privacy_Statement&diff=145955&oldid=0 MCDC Engagement Survey Privacy Statement 2022-09-01T19:04:57Z <p><a href=”/wiki/User:EMagallanes_(WMF)” class=”mw-userlink” title=”User:EMagallanes (WMF)”><bdi>EMagallanes (WMF)</bdi></a> moved page <a href=”/w/index.php?title=MCDC_Engagement_Survey_Privacy_Statement&redirect=no” class=”mw-redirect” title=”MCDC Engagement Survey Privacy Statement”>MCDC Engagement Survey Privacy Statement</a> to <a href=”/wiki/Legal:MCDC_Engagement_Survey_Privacy_Statement” title=”Legal:MCDC Engagement Survey Privacy Statement”>Legal:MCDC Engagement Survey Privacy Statement</a> Adding "Legal" subcategory to title</p> <p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Privacy statement|title=MCDC Engagement Survey|title_link=m:Movement_Charter/Content|team=Movement Strategy and Governance team|contact=kvaidla@wikimedia.org and mkaur-ctr|retention=90 days|purpose=4. enable more equitable decisions|community=Yes|outreach=Yes|tool=Google Forms|tool2=Qualtrics|recording=No|publish=Yes|publish_identifying=No|volunteers=Yes|cc_zero=Yes}}</div> EMagallanes (WMF) https://foundation.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MCDC_Engagement_Survey_Privacy_Statement&diff=145954&oldid=0 MCDC Engagement Survey Privacy Statement 2022-09-01T19:04:45Z <p>Creating page</p> <p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Privacy statement|title=MCDC Engagement Survey|title_link=m:Movement_Charter/Content|team=Movement Strategy and Governance team|contact=kvaidla@wikimedia.org and mkaur-ctr|retention=90 days|purpose=4. enable more equitable decisions|community=Yes|outreach=Yes|tool=Google Forms|tool2=Qualtrics|recording=No|publish=Yes|publish_identifying=No|volunteers=Yes|cc_zero=Yes}}</div> EMagallanes (WMF) https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Salman_b.j_p.T.K_J User:Salman b.j p.T.K J 2022-09-01T16:13:59Z <p><a href=”/wiki/User:QueerEcofeminist” class=”mw-userlink” title=”User:QueerEcofeminist”><bdi>QueerEcofeminist</bdi></a> renamed user <a href=”/w/index.php?title=User:Salman_b.j_p.T.K_J&redirect=no&action=edit&redlink=1″ class=”new” title=”User:Salman b.j p.T.K J (page does not exist)”>Salman b.j p.T.K J</a> (0 edits) to <a href=”/w/index.php?title=User:Salman_bejan_jalale_p.t.j&action=edit&redlink=1″ class=”new” title=”User:Salman bejan jalale p.t.j (page does not exist)”>Salman bejan jalale p.t.j</a> per <a href=”https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:GlobalRenameQueue/request/96535″ class=”extiw” title=”m:Special:GlobalRenameQueue/request/96535″>request</a></p> QueerEcofeminist https://foundation.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Gilbert_Algordo&diff=145953&oldid=145951 User talk:Gilbert Algordo 2022-09-01T06:49:53Z <p>blank</p> <table style=”background-color: #fff; color: #202122;” data-mw=”interface”> <col class=”diff-marker” /> <col class=”diff-content” /> <col class=”diff-marker” /> <col class=”diff-content” /> <tr class=”diff-title” lang=”en”> <td colspan=”2″ style=”background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;”>← Older revision</td> <td colspan=”2″ style=”background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;”>Revision as of 06:49, 1 September 2022</td> </tr><tr><td colspan=”4″ class=”diff-multi” lang=”en”>(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)</td></tr><tr> <td colspan=”2″ class=”diff-lineno”>Line 1:</td> <td colspan=”2″ class=”diff-lineno”>Line 1:</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=”2″ class=”diff-empty diff-side-deleted”>
[[MEMZAT10]]: To manage your bugs https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1651695449 effectively, you need to routinely clean them. Try to perform a series of checks every few days. In particular, you should review:// Executed in 0.028 seconds · Taken 2.36 megabytes of memory to execute.
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As stated in our [[<tvar name=”link1″>Special:MyLanguage/Privacy Policy</tvar>|Privacy Policy]], Wikimedia believes strongly in the values of privacy and transparency. To that end, we’ve created this Cookie Statement as a clear reference guide to the use of cookies on Wikimedia Sites. This Cookie Statement explains how we use cookies (and other locally stored data technologies), how we use third-party cookies, and how you can manage your cookie options. For more information on our privacy practices, please visit our [[<tvar name=”link2″>Special:MyLanguage/Privacy Policy</tvar>|Privacy Policy]].
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The Wikimedia Foundation, the non-profit organization that hosts the Wikimedia Sites, actively collects some types of information with a variety of commonly-used technologies. These generally include [[<tvar name=”link1″>Special:MyLanguage/Privacy policy/Glossary of key terms#Tracking_Pixel</tvar>|tracking pixels]], [[<tvar name=”link2″>Special:MyLanguage/Privacy policy/Glossary of key terms#JavaScript</tvar>|JavaScript]], and a variety of “locally stored data” technologies, such as [[<tvar name=”link3″>Special:MyLanguage/Privacy policy/Glossary of key terms#Cookies</tvar>|cookies]] and [[<tvar name=”link4″>Special:MyLanguage/Privacy policy/Glossary of key terms#Local_Storage</tvar>|local storage]].</translate>
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17 May 2022
•09:34, 17 May 2022 diff hist +105‎ N File:Wikimedia Foundation 2020 Form 990.pdf ‎ Wikimedia Foundation’s Form 990 for 2020 Category:Form 990 == Licensing == {{PD-USGov}} current
16 May 2022
•16:21, 16 May 2022 diff hist +176‎ Wikimania 2021 Videos ‎ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Who_will_be_the_Wikimedian_of_the_Year_2021–.webm Tag: 2017 source edit
10 May 2022
•18:52, 10 May 2022 diff hist 0‎ User:MMoss (WMF)/Survey privacy/styles.css ‎ GVarnum-WMF changed the content model of the page User:MMoss (WMF)/Survey privacy/styles.css from “CSS” to “Sanitized CSS”: Request from user Tag: content model change
•15:48, 10 May 2022 diff hist −2‎ Cookie statement/ar ‎No edit summary
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•15:47, 10 May 2022 diff hist −53‎ Cookie statement/ar ‎ Created page with “تفضيلات”
•15:47, 10 May 2022 diff hist +14‎ N Translations:Cookie statement/42/ar ‎ Created page with “تفضيلات” current
•15:46, 10 May 2022 diff hist −24‎ Cookie statement/ar ‎ Created page with “تخزين محلي، ليس ملف تعريف ارتباط”
•15:46, 10 May 2022 diff hist +59‎ N Translations:Cookie statement/41/ar ‎ Created page with “تخزين محلي، ليس ملف تعريف ارتباط” current
•15:46, 10 May 2022 diff hist +13‎ Cookie statement/ar ‎ Created page with “يبلغنا ألا نعيد توجيهك إلى الموقع المخصص للأجهزة المحمولة لو لم تكن تحب ذلك.”
•15:46, 10 May 2022 diff hist +138‎ N Translations:Cookie statement/40/ar ‎ Created page with “يبلغنا ألا نعيد توجيهك إلى الموقع المخصص للأجهزة المحمولة لو لم تكن تحب ذلك.” current
•15:46, 10 May 2022 diff hist −49‎ Cookie statement/ar ‎ Created page with “التفضيلات”
•15:46, 10 May 2022 diff hist +18‎ N Translations:Cookie statement/39/ar ‎ Created page with “التفضيلات”
•15:46, 10 May 2022 diff hist −50‎ Cookie statement/ar ‎ Created page with “30 يوماً”
•15:46, 10 May 2022 diff hist +13‎ N Translations:Cookie statement/38/ar ‎ Created page with “30 يوماً” current
•15:46, 10 May 2022 diff hist −41‎ Cookie statement/ar ‎ Created page with “”’في أي غرض يستخدم؟”’”
•15:46, 10 May 2022 diff hist +37‎ N Translations:Cookie statement/37/ar ‎ Created page with “”’في أي غرض يستخدم؟”’” current
•15:46, 10 May 2022 diff hist −50‎ Cookie statement/ar ‎ Created page with “”’التصنيف”’”
•15:46, 10 May 2022 diff hist +20‎ N Translations:Cookie statement/36/ar ‎ Created page with “”’التصنيف”’” current
•15:46, 10 May 2022 diff hist −46‎ Cookie statement/ar ‎ Created page with “”’ينتهي بعد”’”
•15:46, 10 May 2022 diff hist +23‎ N Translations:Cookie statement/35/ar ‎ Created page with “”’ينتهي بعد”’” current
•15:45, 10 May 2022 diff hist −50‎ Cookie statement/ar ‎ Created page with “”’الاسم”’”
•15:45, 10 May 2022 diff hist +16‎ N Translations:Cookie statement/34/ar ‎ Created page with “”’الاسم”’” current
•15:45, 10 May 2022 diff hist −51‎ Cookie statement/ar ‎ Created page with “إليك بضعة أمثلة:”
•15:45, 10 May 2022 diff hist +29‎ N Translations:Cookie statement/33/ar ‎ Created page with “إليك بضعة أمثلة:” current
•15:45, 10 May 2022 diff hist +145‎ Cookie statement/ar ‎ Created page with “تخزن هذه الملفات تفضيلاتك حتى يمكن تذكرها في المرة التالية التي تستخدم فيها مواقع ويكيميديا وذلك للحصول على خبرة استخدام مخصصة. هذه الملفات مفيدة في التعرف على تفضيلات لغتك وصونها وكذلك تذكر التغييرات التي أجريتها على حجم النص والخطوط وتفضيلات العرض الأخرى، ح…”
•15:45, 10 May 2022 diff hist +589‎ N Translations:Cookie statement/32/ar ‎ Created page with “تخزن هذه الملفات تفضيلاتك حتى يمكن تذكرها في المرة التالية التي تستخدم فيها مواقع ويكيميديا وذلك للحصول على خبرة استخدام مخصصة. هذه الملفات مفيدة في التعرف على تفضيلات لغتك وصونها وكذلك تذكر التغييرات التي أجريتها على حجم النص والخطوط وتفضيلات العرض الأخرى، ح…” current
•15:45, 10 May 2022 diff hist −53‎ Cookie statement/ar ‎ Created page with “”’تفضيلات:”’”
•15:45, 10 May 2022 diff hist +21‎ N Translations:Cookie statement/31/ar ‎ Created page with “”’تفضيلات:”’” current
•15:45, 10 May 2022 diff hist −13‎ Cookie statement/ar ‎ Created page with “إدارة جلسات التصفح. تقدم وظيفة مثل تسجيل الدخول إلى مواقع ويكيميديا.”
•15:45, 10 May 2022 diff hist +124‎ N Translations:Cookie statement/30/ar ‎ Created page with “إدارة جلسات التصفح. تقدم وظيفة مثل تسجيل الدخول إلى مواقع ويكيميديا.” current
•15:45, 10 May 2022 diff hist −55‎ Cookie statement/ar ‎ Created page with “الوظيفة”
•15:45, 10 May 2022 diff hist +14‎ N Translations:Cookie statement/29/ar ‎ Created page with “الوظيفة”
•15:45, 10 May 2022 diff hist −15‎ Cookie statement/ar ‎ Created page with “حينما يغلق المستخدم متصفح الإنترنت”
•15:45, 10 May 2022 diff hist +64‎ N Translations:Cookie statement/28/ar ‎ Created page with “حينما يغلق المستخدم متصفح الإنترنت” current
•15:45, 10 May 2022 diff hist +2‎ Cookie statement/ar ‎ Created page with “يؤثر ذلك على الحد الأقصى لعدد محاولات تسجيل الدخول الفاشلة الذي يرسل إشعار إلى المستخدم.”
•15:45, 10 May 2022 diff hist +161‎ N Translations:Cookie statement/27/ar ‎ Created page with “يؤثر ذلك على الحد الأقصى لعدد محاولات تسجيل الدخول الفاشلة الذي يرسل إشعار إلى المستخدم.” current
•15:44, 10 May 2022 diff hist −39‎ Cookie statement/ar ‎ Created page with “تتحقق من أنك مسجل الدخول من جهاز معروف.”
•15:44, 10 May 2022 diff hist +70‎ N Translations:Cookie statement/26/ar ‎ Created page with “تتحقق من أنك مسجل الدخول من جهاز معروف.” current
•15:44, 10 May 2022 diff hist −55‎ Cookie statement/ar ‎ Created page with “الوظيفة”
•15:44, 10 May 2022 diff hist +14‎ N Translations:Cookie statement/25/ar ‎ Created page with “الوظيفة”
•15:44, 10 May 2022 diff hist −54‎ Cookie statement/ar ‎ Created page with “180 يوم”
•15:44, 10 May 2022 diff hist +10‎ N Translations:Cookie statement/24/ar ‎ Created page with “180 يوم” current
•15:44, 10 May 2022 diff hist −12‎ Cookie statement/ar ‎ Created page with “تساعد في تعريفك على موقع الويكي وتحافظ على تسجيل دخولك.”
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type=speedy – Speedy deletion issues, such as {{db-g1}} and {{db-g3}}.
type=delete – Deletion issues, such as {{afd}} and {{prod}}.
type=content – Content issues, such as {{POV}} and {{globalize}}.
type=style – Style issues, such as {{cleanup}} and {{wikify}}.
type=notice – Article notices, such as {{current}} and {{inuse}}.
type=move – Merge, split and transwiki proposals, such as {{split}} and {{copy to wiktionary}}.
type=protection – Protecti
Footnotes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Integrate%5Bedit%5D
1.↑ (Rationale: These guiding principles are taken directly from the Board’s Guidelines for Funds Distribution, as released January 2012, here: http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:Developing_Scenarios_for_future_of_fundraising)
2.↑ (Rationale: These guiding principles are taken directly from the Board’s Guidelines for Fundraising, as released January 2012, here: http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:Developing_Scenarios_for_future_of_fundraising)
<img src=”//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1×1″ alt=”” title=”” width=”1″ height=”1″ style=”border: none; position: absolute;” />
•Category: Future of fundraising discussions
•
•https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedrecentchanges&days=7&feedformat=atom&hideWikibase=1&hidebots=1&hidecategorization=1&limit=50&target=Category%3AFuture_of_fundraising_discussions&translations=filter&urlversion=1 Meta – Changes related to “Category:Future of fundraising discussions” [en] 2022-09-02T06:44:50Z Related changes MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.27 Exemptions
Accounts which are “global IP block exempt” are exempted from these global blocks. They are still vulnerable to IP and IP range blocks made locally on individual wikis. To apply for global IP block exemption, see Steward requests/Global permissions or use the Unblock Ticket Request System.
Local unblocking Interaction Timeline
Chronological history for two users on pages where they have both made edits.
Appealing
You may appeal the block by adding
{{unblock|your reason here}
https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Wfan&feedformat=atom
SECTORS
Pinpoint Integration
1
Architecture
2
Technology
8
Nonprofit
4
Manufacturing
1
Energy & Utilities
4
Financial services
4
Healthcare
3
Retail
3
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href=”/innovation-design”><span class=”font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>Innovation & Design</span><span class=”text-xs text-secondary c-mt-2″>Designing people-centered next generation products and services</span></a><a class=”flex flex-col group” href=”/people-organizations”><span class=”font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>People & Organizations</span><span class=”text-xs text-secondary c-mt-2″>Cultivating talent and fostering wellbeing through behavioral design</span></a></div><div class=”nav-column” style=”grid-template-rows:repeat(3, 1fr)”><a class=”flex flex-col group” href=”/marketing”><span class=”font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>Marketing & Consumer Insights</span><span class=”text-xs text-secondary c-mt-2″>Understanding consumer decision making and how to design for it</span></a><a class=”flex flex-col group” href=”/risk-compliance”><span class=”font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>Risk 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text-secondary c-mt-2″>Bringing about a sustainable future through nudging</span></a><a class=”flex flex-col group” href=”/financial-services”><span class=”font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>Financial Services</span><span class=”text-xs text-secondary c-mt-2″>Empowering customers to take control of their finances</span></a><a class=”flex flex-col group” href=”/insurance”><span class=”font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>Insurance</span><span class=”text-xs text-secondary c-mt-2″>Using science to find new ways to deliver value to clients</span></a><a class=”flex flex-col group” href=”/technology-ai”><span class=”font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>Technology & AI</span><span class=”text-xs text-secondary c-mt-2″>Unlocking product’s potential through behavioral design</span></a></div><div class=”nav-column” style=”grid-template-rows:repeat(4, 1fr)”><a class=”flex flex-col group” href=”/development-social-protection”><span class=”font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>Development & Social Protection</span><span class=”text-xs text-secondary c-mt-2″>Translating good intentions into scalable progress</span></a><a class=”flex flex-col group” href=”/health-wellbeing”><span class=”font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>Health & Wellbeing</span><span class=”text-xs text-secondary c-mt-2″>Fostering holistic wellness through science and design</span></a><a class=”flex flex-col group” href=”/public-policy”><span class=”font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>Public Policy</span><span class=”text-xs text-secondary c-mt-2″>Generating low cost, high impact interventions in public policy</span></a></div><div class=”nav-column” style=”grid-template-rows:repeat(4, 1fr)”><a class=”flex flex-col group” href=”/education”><span class=”font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>Education</span><span class=”text-xs text-secondary c-mt-2″>Unlocking every classroom’s potential using behavioral science</span></a><a class=”flex flex-col group” href=”/impact-investing-private-equity”><span class=”font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>Impact Investing & Private Equity</span><span class=”text-xs text-secondary c-mt-2″>Helping investors avoid bias and grow their impact</span></a><a class=”flex flex-col group” href=”/retail-consumer”><span class=”font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>Retail & Consumer</span><span class=”text-xs text-secondary c-mt-2″>Designing positive choice environments for consumers and brands</span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class=”dropdown-wrapper z-50 “><div><button class=”nav-button” aria-haspopup=”true” aria-expanded=”false” role=”button”><span>Knowledge Center<svg xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” viewBox=”0 0 12 7.41″ fill=”#a4bbc6″ class=”inline w-3 dropdown-icon”><title>icon__angle-down–gray-color</title><polygon points=”12 1.41 10.59 0 6 4.58 1.41 0 0 1.41 6 7.41 12 1.41″></polygon></svg></span></button><div class=”dropdown invisible” role=”menu”><div class=”nav-card is-big”><div class=”rich-text card-header”><h2>Knowledge Center</h2></div><div class=”grid grid-cols-3 mt-5 divide-x gap-y-4 divide-gray-third”><div class=”nav-column-flex “><h3 class=”text-xs font-bold uppercase text-secondary”>Knowledge Center</h3><a class=”flex group” href=”/behavioral-insights”><span class=”relative flex items-center justify-center flex-shrink-0 mr-3 w-9 h-9″><span style=”box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%”><span style=”box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%”><img style=”display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0″ alt=”” aria-hidden=”true” src=”data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2736%27%20height=%2736%27/%3e”/></span><img alt=”icon” src=”data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7″ decoding=”async” data-nimg=”intrinsic” style=”position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:contain”/><noscript><img alt=”icon” srcSet=”/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.prismic.io%2Fthedecisionlab%2Fea1e960e-ebf7-402e-90eb-c7c6d3c848a2_icon__eye.png%3Fauto%3Dcompress%2Cformat&w=48&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.prismic.io%2Fthedecisionlab%2Fea1e960e-ebf7-402e-90eb-c7c6d3c848a2_icon__eye.png%3Fauto%3Dcompress%2Cformat&w=96&q=75 2x” src=”/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.prismic.io%2Fthedecisionlab%2Fea1e960e-ebf7-402e-90eb-c7c6d3c848a2_icon__eye.png%3Fauto%3Dcompress%2Cformat&w=96&q=75″ decoding=”async” data-nimg=”intrinsic” style=”position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:contain” loading=”lazy”/></noscript></span></span><div class=”flex flex-col”><span class=”font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>Perspectives</span><span class=”text-xs text-secondary c-mt-2″>Thought pieces on how behavioral science creates positive impact</span></div></a><a class=”flex group” href=”/podcasts”><span class=”relative flex items-center justify-center flex-shrink-0 mr-3 w-9 h-9″><span style=”box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%”><span style=”box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%”><img style=”display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0″ alt=”” aria-hidden=”true” src=”data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2736%27%20height=%2736%27/%3e”/></span><img alt=”icon” src=”data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7″ decoding=”async” data-nimg=”intrinsic” style=”position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:contain”/><noscript><img alt=”icon” srcSet=”/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.prismic.io%2Fthedecisionlab%2Fb6833c71-1c81-431e-b36d-c616938c0e23_icon__remote.png%3Fauto%3Dcompress%2Cformat&w=48&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.prismic.io%2Fthedecisionlab%2Fb6833c71-1c81-431e-b36d-c616938c0e23_icon__remote.png%3Fauto%3Dcompress%2Cformat&w=96&q=75 2x” src=”/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.prismic.io%2Fthedecisionlab%2Fb6833c71-1c81-431e-b36d-c616938c0e23_icon__remote.png%3Fauto%3Dcompress%2Cformat&w=96&q=75″ decoding=”async” data-nimg=”intrinsic” style=”position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:contain” loading=”lazy”/></noscript></span></span><div class=”flex flex-col”><span class=”font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>Podcasts</span><span class=”text-xs text-secondary c-mt-2″>Conversations with some of the world’s most influential voices</span></div></a><a class=”flex group” href=”/biases-index”><span class=”relative flex items-center justify-center flex-shrink-0 mr-3 w-9 h-9″><span style=”box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%”><span style=”box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%”><img style=”display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0″ alt=”” aria-hidden=”true” src=”data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2736%27%20height=%2736%27/%3e”/></span><img alt=”icon” src=”data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7″ decoding=”async” data-nimg=”intrinsic” style=”position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:contain”/><noscript><img alt=”icon” srcSet=”/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.prismic.io%2Fthedecisionlab%2F2eba0858-211c-49f4-b58b-c8347a1f1f57_icon__brain.png%3Fauto%3Dcompress%2Cformat&w=48&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.prismic.io%2Fthedecisionlab%2F2eba0858-211c-49f4-b58b-c8347a1f1f57_icon__brain.png%3Fauto%3Dcompress%2Cformat&w=96&q=75 2x” src=”/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.prismic.io%2Fthedecisionlab%2F2eba0858-211c-49f4-b58b-c8347a1f1f57_icon__brain.png%3Fauto%3Dcompress%2Cformat&w=96&q=75″ decoding=”async” data-nimg=”intrinsic” style=”position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:contain” loading=”lazy”/></noscript></span></span><div class=”flex flex-col”><span class=”font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>Biases</span><span class=”text-xs text-secondary c-mt-2″>A practical guide on how our minds understand the world around us</span></div></a></div><div class=”nav-column-flex c-pt-6″><a class=”flex group” href=”/thinkers”><span class=”relative flex items-center justify-center flex-shrink-0 mr-3 w-9 h-9″><span style=”box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%”><span style=”box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%”><img style=”display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0″ alt=”” aria-hidden=”true” src=”data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2736%27%20height=%2736%27/%3e”/></span><img alt=”icon” src=”data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7″ decoding=”async” data-nimg=”intrinsic” style=”position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:contain”/><noscript><img alt=”icon” srcSet=”/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.prismic.io%2Fthedecisionlab%2F3292713c-3226-462e-87f5-69690b4493d6_thinkers_menu.png%3Fauto%3Dcompress%2Cformat&w=48&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.prismic.io%2Fthedecisionlab%2F3292713c-3226-462e-87f5-69690b4493d6_thinkers_menu.png%3Fauto%3Dcompress%2Cformat&w=96&q=75 2x” src=”/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.prismic.io%2Fthedecisionlab%2F3292713c-3226-462e-87f5-69690b4493d6_thinkers_menu.png%3Fauto%3Dcompress%2Cformat&w=96&q=75″ decoding=”async” data-nimg=”intrinsic” style=”position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:contain” loading=”lazy”/></noscript></span></span><div class=”flex flex-col”><span class=”font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>Thinkers</span><span class=”text-xs text-secondary c-mt-2″>How some of the world’s most influential thinkers got there</span></div></a><a class=”flex group” href=”/reference-guide”><span class=”relative flex items-center justify-center flex-shrink-0 mr-3 w-9 h-9″><span style=”box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%”><span style=”box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%”><img style=”display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0″ alt=”” aria-hidden=”true” src=”data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2736%27%20height=%2736%27/%3e”/></span><img alt=”icon” src=”data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7″ decoding=”async” data-nimg=”intrinsic” style=”position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:contain”/><noscript><img alt=”icon” srcSet=”/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.prismic.io%2Fthedecisionlab%2Ff2478436-50e8-4df0-b8a1-caf556dd62ec_Untitled_Artwork-46.png%3Fauto%3Dcompress%2Cformat&w=48&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.prismic.io%2Fthedecisionlab%2Ff2478436-50e8-4df0-b8a1-caf556dd62ec_Untitled_Artwork-46.png%3Fauto%3Dcompress%2Cformat&w=96&q=75 2x” src=”/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.prismic.io%2Fthedecisionlab%2Ff2478436-50e8-4df0-b8a1-caf556dd62ec_Untitled_Artwork-46.png%3Fauto%3Dcompress%2Cformat&w=96&q=75″ decoding=”async” data-nimg=”intrinsic” style=”position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:contain” loading=”lazy”/></noscript></span></span><div class=”flex flex-col”><span class=”font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>Reference Guide</span><span class=”text-xs text-secondary c-mt-2″>Foundational concepts to help you understand decision science</span></div></a><a class=”flex group” href=”/”><div class=”flex flex-col”><span class=”font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”></span><span class=”text-xs text-secondary c-mt-2″></span></div></a></div><div class=”nav-column-flex “><h3 class=”text-xs font-bold uppercase text-secondary”>Trending</h3><a class=”flex group” href=”/insights/consumer-insights/from-theory-to-frameworks-putting-behavioral-science-to-work”><div class=”flex flex-col”><span class=”text-[9px] font-bold text-secondary mb-1″>Consumer Insights</span><span class=”text-sm font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>From Theory to Frameworks: Putting Behavioral Science to Work</span></div></a><a class=”flex group” href=”/podcasts/management-in-the-wfh-world-with-jean-nicolas-reyt”><div class=”flex flex-col”><span class=”text-[9px] font-bold text-secondary mb-1″>Podcast</span><span class=”text-sm font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>Management in the WFH World with Jean-Nicolas Reyt</span></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class=”dropdown-wrapper z-50 “><div><button class=”nav-button” aria-haspopup=”true” aria-expanded=”false” role=”button”><span>About Us<svg xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” viewBox=”0 0 12 7.41″ fill=”#a4bbc6″ class=”inline w-3 dropdown-icon”><title>icon__angle-down–gray-color</title><polygon points=”12 1.41 10.59 0 6 4.58 1.41 0 0 1.41 6 7.41 12 1.41″></polygon></svg></span></button><div class=”dropdown invisible” role=”menu”><div class=”nav-card”><div class=”rich-text card-header”><h2>About Us</h2></div><div class=”grid grid-cols-3 mt-5 divide-x gap-y-4 divide-gray-third”><div class=”nav-column” style=”grid-template-rows:repeat(2, 1fr)”><a class=”flex flex-col group” href=”/about-the-decision-lab”><span class=”font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>Our Mission</span><span class=”text-xs text-secondary c-mt-2″>We’re on a mission of empowerment through evidence based choice</span></a><a href=”https://careers.thedecisionlab.com/” class=”flex flex-col group”><span class=”font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>Careers</span><span class=”text-xs text-secondary c-mt-2″>Join us on our mission to help the world make better decisions</span></a></div><div class=”nav-column” style=”grid-template-rows:repeat(2, 1fr)”><a class=”flex flex-col group” href=”/our-team”><span class=”font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>Team</span><span class=”text-xs text-secondary c-mt-2″>Diverse perspectives, brought together by a passion for impact</span></a><a class=”flex flex-col group” href=”/media”><span class=”font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>Media</span><span class=”text-xs text-secondary c-mt-2″>Request a chat with one of our experts</span></a></div><div class=”nav-column” style=”grid-template-rows:repeat(2, 1fr)”><a class=”flex flex-col group” href=”/columnists”><span class=”font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>Columnists</span><span class=”text-xs text-secondary c-mt-2″>Thought leadership from the front lines of behavioral science</span></a><a class=”flex flex-col group” href=”/case-studies”><span class=”font-bold group-text-color-hover-primary text-dark-green”>Case Studies</span><span class=”text-xs text-secondary c-mt-2″>A look at some of our most impactful work</span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><span class=”my-auto”><a class=”nav-button” href=”/contact”>Contact Us</a></span></div></div></nav><div class=”absolute inset-x-0 bottom-0 h-0.5 w-full”><div class=”bg-primary h-0.5″ style=”width:0%”></div></div></header><button aria-label=”Return to top” class=”invisible opacity-0 hidden md:flex fixed z-50 bottom-12 right-12 rounded-full bg-[#aaa] py-px px-1.5 w-11 h-11 justify-center items-center opacity-75 transition-opacity duration-200 ease-in-out hover:opacity-100″><svg aria-hidden=”true” data-prefix=”fa” data-icon=”chevron-up” class=”w-6 h-[.8125rem] text-white fill-current” role=”img” xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” viewBox=”0 0 448 512″><path fill=”currentColor” d=”M6.101 359.293L25.9 379.092c4.686 4.686 12.284 4.686 16.971 0L224 198.393l181.13 180.698c4.686 4.686 12.284 4.686 16.971 0l19.799-19.799c4.686-4.686 4.686-12.284 0-16.971L232.485 132.908c-4.686-4.686-12.284-4.686-16.971 0L6.101 342.322c-4.687 4.687-4.687 12.285 0 16.971z”></path></svg></button><main class=”main-pt”><article><section class=”c-pt-7 xl:c-pt-8″><div class=”container”><div class=”order-last md:order-first”><div class=”rich-text text-center hero-title text-dark-green”><h2>Why do we take mental shortcuts?</h2></div><div class=”flex justify-center c-mt-6 text-secondary font-size-16-26″><h1 class=”inline font-bold text-primary” style=”line-height:inherit”>Heuristics</h1><span>, explained.</span></div></div></div></section><div><div class=”richtext-grid”><div aria-hidden=”true”></div><div class=”container w-full lg:ml-6″><span class=”block py-1 text-xs font-bold text-secondary c-mb-6 c-mt-7 lg:pl-[4%] mx-auto lg:max-w-10/12 xl:max-w-2/3 article-grid-start:max-w-10/12″>Bias</span></div><div aria-hidden=”true”></div><div class=”sticky w-screen h-[36px] article-grid-start:hidden hover:bg-primary scroll-spy-side-nav-mobile z-20″><div class=”dropdown-wrapper-mobile-scroll-spy z-40 “><button class=”mobile-scroll-spy-section-button” aria-haspopup=”true” aria-expanded=”false” role=”button”><span class=”text-sm font-bold uppercase”>Where this bias occurs</span><i class=”fas fa-chevron-down dropdown-icon”></i></button><div class=”dropdown invisible” role=”menu”><a class=”cursor-pointer group c-mt-2″><span class=”py-0.5″>Where this bias occurs</span></a><a class=”cursor-pointer group c-mt-2″><span class=”py-0.5″>Individual effects</span></a><a class=”cursor-pointer group c-mt-2″><span class=”py-0.5″>Systemic effects</span></a><a class=”cursor-pointer group c-mt-2″><span class=”py-0.5″>Why it happens</span></a><a class=”cursor-pointer group c-mt-2″><span class=”py-0.5″>Why it is important</span></a><a class=”cursor-pointer group c-mt-2″><span class=”py-0.5″>How to avoid it</span></a><a class=”cursor-pointer group c-mt-2″><span class=”py-0.5″>How it all started</span></a><a class=”cursor-pointer group c-mt-2″><span class=”py-0.5″>Example 1 – Advertising</span></a><a class=”cursor-pointer group c-mt-2″><span class=”py-0.5″>Example 2 – Stereotyping</span></a><a class=”cursor-pointer group c-mt-2″><span class=”py-0.5″>Summary</span></a><a class=”cursor-pointer group c-mt-2″><span class=”py-0.5″>Related TDL articles</span></a></div></div></div><div class=”relative”><div class=”scroll-spy-side-nav”><nav class=”max-w-[13.875rem] flex flex-col flex-wrap sticky top-28″><a class=”cursor-pointer group c-mt-2″><span class=”inline mr-auto font-bold c-mt-2 text-secondary bg-grow-solid group-hover:text-hover-dark”>Where this bias occurs</span></a><a class=”cursor-pointer group c-mt-2″><span class=”inline mr-auto font-bold c-mt-2 text-secondary bg-grow-solid group-hover:text-hover-dark”>Individual effects</span></a><a class=”cursor-pointer group c-mt-2″><span class=”inline mr-auto font-bold c-mt-2 text-secondary bg-grow-solid group-hover:text-hover-dark”>Systemic effects</span></a><a class=”cursor-pointer group c-mt-2″><span class=”inline mr-auto font-bold c-mt-2 text-secondary bg-grow-solid group-hover:text-hover-dark”>Why it happens</span></a><a class=”cursor-pointer group c-mt-2″><span class=”inline mr-auto font-bold c-mt-2 text-secondary bg-grow-solid group-hover:text-hover-dark”>Why it is important</span></a><a class=”cursor-pointer group c-mt-2″><span class=”inline mr-auto font-bold c-mt-2 text-secondary bg-grow-solid group-hover:text-hover-dark”>How to avoid it</span></a><a class=”cursor-pointer group c-mt-2″><span class=”inline mr-auto font-bold c-mt-2 text-secondary bg-grow-solid group-hover:text-hover-dark”>How it all started</span></a><a class=”cursor-pointer group c-mt-2″><span class=”inline mr-auto font-bold c-mt-2 text-secondary bg-grow-solid group-hover:text-hover-dark”>Example 1 – Advertising</span></a><a class=”cursor-pointer group c-mt-2″><span class=”inline mr-auto font-bold c-mt-2 text-secondary bg-grow-solid group-hover:text-hover-dark”>Example 2 – Stereotyping</span></a><a class=”cursor-pointer group c-mt-2″><span class=”inline mr-auto font-bold c-mt-2 text-secondary bg-grow-solid group-hover:text-hover-dark”>Summary</span></a><a class=”cursor-pointer group c-mt-2″><span class=”inline mr-auto font-bold c-mt-2 text-secondary bg-grow-solid group-hover:text-hover-dark”>Related TDL articles</span></a></nav></div></div><div class=”container z-10 w-full c-mt-6 article-grid-start:mt-0 lg:ml-6″><div class=”scroll-spy-content-wrapper w-full mx-auto lg:max-w-10/12 xl:max-w-2/3 article-grid-start:max-w-10/12 lg:pl-[4.3%]”><div class=”c-mb-6″><div class=”rich-text inline text-2xl font-bold header-bg-richtext text-dark-green”><h2>What are Heuristics?</h2></div><div class=”rich-text leading-normal font-size-16-26 bias-excerpt-body c-mt-4 text-dark-green”><p><em>Heuristics</em>are mental shortcuts that can facilitate problem-solving and probability judgments. These strategies are generalizations, or rules-of-thumb, reduce cognitive load, and can be effective for making immediate judgments, however, they often result in irrational or inaccurate conclusions.</p></div></div><div name=”section-1″><section class=”inline-block “><div class=”rich-text prose max-w-none content-section-title”><h2>Where this bias occurs</h2></div><div class=”not-prose c-p-4 bg-gray relative md:ml-6 lg:-ml-14 article-grid-start:ml-[-10.25rem] hidden md:block w-[331px] lg:w-[368px] xl:w-[371px] article-grid-start:w-[349px] float-right lg:left-[5rem] article-grid-start:left-[11.75rem] mb-2″><div class=”rich-text pb-3 text-sm font-bold uppercase border-b text-secondary border-gray-third”><h2>Debias Your Organization</h2></div><div class=”rich-text c-pt-4″><p>Most of us work & live in environments that aren’t optimized for solid decision-making. We work with organizations of all kinds to identify sources of cognitive bias & develop tailored solutions.</p></div><a class=”btn-primary-darken shadow-primary-button tracking-px leading-none c-mt-5 crunch-button flex justify-center items-center bg-primary text-white text-center uppercase font-bold text-xs border-0 cursor-pointer” href=”/consulting-services”>Learn about our work<i class=”fa fa-long-arrow-right fa ml-1.5 leading-none text-sm”></i></a></div><div class=”rich-text prose max-w-none”><p>We use heuristics in all sorts of situations. One type of heuristic, the availability heuristic, often occurs when we’re attempting to make judgments about the frequency with which a certain event occurs. Say, for example, someone asked you whether more tornadoes occur in Kansas or Nebraska. Most of us can easily call to mind an example of a tornado in Kansas: the tornado that whisked Dorothy Gale off to Oz in Frank L. Baum’s The Wizard of Oz. Although it’s fictional, this example comes to us easily. On the other hand, most people have a lot of trouble calling to mind an example of a tornado in Nebraska. This leads us to believe that tornadoes are more common in Kansas than Nebraska. However, the states actually report similar levels of tornadoes.<sup>1</sup></p></div><div class=”not-prose c-p-4 bg-gray relative md:ml-6 lg:-ml-14 article-grid-start:ml-[-10.25rem] block md:hidden c-mt-4″><div class=”rich-text pb-3 text-sm font-bold uppercase border-b text-secondary border-gray-third”><h2>Debias Your Organization</h2></div><div class=”rich-text c-pt-4″><p>Most of us work & live in environments that aren’t optimized for solid decision-making. We work with organizations of all kinds to identify sources of cognitive bias & develop tailored solutions.</p></div><a class=”btn-primary-darken shadow-primary-button tracking-px leading-none c-mt-5 crunch-button flex justify-center items-center bg-primary text-white text-center uppercase font-bold text-xs border-0 cursor-pointer” href=”/consulting-services”>Learn about our work<i class=”fa fa-long-arrow-right fa ml-1.5 leading-none text-sm”></i></a></div></section></div><div name=”section-2″><section class=”inline-block c-mt-6″><div class=”rich-text prose max-w-none content-section-title”><h2>Individual effects</h2></div><div class=”rich-text prose max-w-none”><p>The thing about heuristics is that they aren’t always wrong. As generalizations, there are many situations where they can yield accurate predictions or result in good decision-making. However, even if the outcome is favorable, it was not achieved through logical means. When we use heuristics, we risk ignoring important information and overvaluing less relevant information. There’s no guarantee that using a heuristic will work out and, even if it does, we’ll be making the decision for the wrong reason; instead of basing it in reason, our behavior is resulting from a mental shortcut with no real rationale to support it.</p></div><div></div></section></div><div name=”section-3″><section class=”inline-block c-mt-6″><div class=”rich-text prose max-w-none content-section-title”><h2>Systemic effects</h2></div><div class=”rich-text prose max-w-none”><p>Heuristics become even more concerning when applied to politics, academia, and economics. We may all resort to heuristics from time to time, something that is true even of members of these institutions who are tasked with making important, influential decisions. It is necessary for these figures to have a comprehensive understanding of the biases and heuristics that can affect our behavior, so as to promote accuracy on their part.</p></div><div></div></section></div><div name=”section-4″><section class=”inline-block c-mt-6″><div class=”rich-text prose max-w-none content-section-title”><h2>Why it happens</h2></div><div class=”rich-text prose max-w-none”><p>In their paper “Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases” (1974)<sup>2</sup>, Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky identified three different kinds of heuristics: availability, representativeness, and anchoring and adjustment. Each type of heuristic is used for the purpose of reducing the mental effort needed to make a decision, but they occur in different contexts.</p><h5>Availability heuristic</h5><p>The first type of heuristic is the<a target=”” href=”/biases/availability-heuristic”><strong>availability heuristic</strong></a>, which was touched upon in the example of judging the frequency with which tornadoes occur in Kansas relative to Nebraska. Kahneman and Tversky define this heuristic as a mental shortcut for making frequency or probability judgments based on “the ease with which instances or occurrences can be brought to mind” (p.1127).<sup>3</sup></p><p>The availability heuristic occurs because we can call certain memories to mind more easily than others. The example that Kahneman and Tversky give is that participants asked if more words in the English language start with the letter K or have the third letter K, most participants responded with the former. In actuality, it is the latter that is true, but it is much harder to think of words that have K as the third letter than it is to think of words that start with K.<sup>4</sup>In this case, our memories of words that begin with K come to mind more readily than do memories of words with the third letter K.</p><h5>Representativeness heuristic</h5><p>A second type of heuristic is the representativeness heuristic. We often rely on this heuristic when making probability judgments. We tend to classify events into categories, which, as illustrated by Kahneman and Tversky, can result in our use of this heuristic. When we use the representativeness heuristic, we make probability judgments about the likelihood that an object or event arises from some category based on the extent to which the object or event in question is similar to the prototypical example of that category.<sup>5</sup>For example, if someone we meet in one of our university lectures looks and acts like a stereotypical medical student, we may judge the probability that they are studying medicine as highly likely, even without any hard evidence to support that assumption.</p><p>The representativeness heuristic is associated with prototype theory.<sup>6</sup>This prominent theory in cognitive science provides an explanation for object and identity recognition. It suggests that we categorize different objects and identities in our memory. For example, we may have a category for chairs, a category for fish, a category for books, and so on. Prototype theory posits that we develop prototypical examples for these categories by averaging every example of a given category we encounter. As such, our prototype of a chair should be the most average example of a chair possible, based on our experience with that object. This aids in object recognition because we compare every object we encounter against the prototypes stored in our memory for identification. The more the object resembles the prototype, the more confident we are that it belongs in that category. Prototype theory may give rise to the representativeness heuristic, as this heuristic occurs in situations when a certain object or event is viewed as similar to the prototype stored in our memory, which leads us to classify the object or event into the category represented by that prototype. To go back to the previous example, if your peer closely resembles your prototypical example of a med student, you may place them into that category, based on the prototype theory of object and identity recognition. This, however, causes you to commit the representativeness heuristic.</p><h5>Anchoring and adjustment heuristic</h5><p>The third type of heuristic put forth by Kahneman and Tversky in their initial paper on the topic is the anchoring and adjustment heuristic.<sup>7</sup>This heuristic describes how, when estimating a certain value, we tend to give an initial value, then adjust it by increasing or decreasing our estimation. However, we often get stuck on that initial value – which is referred to as anchoring – which results in us making insufficient adjustments. Thus, our adjusted value is biased in favor of the initial value, which we have anchored on.</p><p>In the example given by Kahneman and Tversky, participants were presented with a question, such as “estimate the number of African countries in the United Nations (UN)”. A wheel labeled with numbers from 0-100 was spun, and participants were asked to say whether or not the number the wheel landed on was higher or lower than their answer to the question. Then, participants were asked to give an estimate of the number of African countries in the UN. Kahneman and Tversky found that participants tended to anchor on the random number obtained by spinning the wheel. So, when the number obtained by spinning the wheel was 10, the median estimate given by participants was 25, while, when the number obtained from the wheel was 65, participants’ median estimate was 45.<sup>8</sup></p><p>A 2006 study by Epley and Gilovich, “The Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic: Why the Adjustments are Insufficient”<sup>9</sup>investigated the causes of this heuristic. They illustrated that anchoring often occurs because the information we anchor on is more accessible than other information because we have just encountered it. Furthermore, they provided empirical evidence to demonstrate that our adjustments tend to be insufficient because adjustments require significant mental effort, which we are not always motivated to dedicate to the task. They also found that providing incentives for accuracy led participants to make more sufficient adjustments. So, this particular heuristic generally occurs when there is no real incentive to provide an accurate response.</p><h5>Quick and easy</h5><p>What these types of heuristics have in common is that they all allow us to respond automatically, without much effortful thought. They provide an immediate response and do not use up much of our mental energy, which allows us to dedicate mental resources to other matters, which may be more pressing. In that way, heuristics are efficient, which is a big reason why we continue to use them. That being said, we should be mindful of how much we rely on them because there is no guarantee as to their accuracy.</p></div><div></div></section></div><div name=”section-5″><section class=”inline-block c-mt-6″><div class=”rich-text prose max-w-none content-section-title”><h2>Why it is important</h2></div><div class=”rich-text prose max-w-none”><p>Using heuristics can cause us to engage in various cognitive biases and commit certain fallacies, as Tversky and Kahneman illustrate.<sup>10</sup>As a result, we may make poor decisions, as well as inaccurate judgments and predictions. Awareness of heuristics can aid us in avoiding them, which will ultimately lead us to engage in more adaptive behaviors.</p></div><div></div></section></div><div name=”section-6″><section class=”inline-block c-mt-6″><div class=”rich-text prose max-w-none content-section-title”><h2>How to avoid it</h2></div><div class=”rich-text prose max-w-none”><p>Heuristics arise from automatic, System 1, thinking. It is a common misconception that errors in judgment can be avoided by relying exclusively on System 2 thinking. However, as pointed out by Kahneman, neither System 2 nor System 1 are infallible.<sup>11</sup>While System 1 can result in heuristics, which lead to certain biases, System 2 can give rise to other biases, such as the confirmation bias.<sup>12</sup>Systems 1 and 2 complement each other, and using them together can lead to more rational decision-making. That is, we shouldn’t make judgments automatically, without a second thought, but we also shouldn’t overthink things to the point where we’re looking for specific evidence to support our stance. Thus, heuristics can be avoided by making judgments more effortfully, but in doing so we should attempt not to overanalyze the situation.</p></div><div></div></section></div><div name=”section-7″><section class=”inline-block c-mt-6″><div class=”rich-text prose max-w-none content-section-title”><h2>How it all started</h2></div><div class=”rich-text prose max-w-none”><p>The first three heuristics – availability, representativeness, and anchoring and adjustment – were identified by Tverksy and Kahneman in their 1974 paper, “Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases”.<sup>13</sup>In addition to presenting these heuristics and their relevant experiments, they listed the respective biases that each of them can lead to.</p><p>To give an example, upon defining the availability heuristic, they illustrated how it may lead to<a target=”” href=”/biases/illusory-correlation”><strong>illusory correlation</strong></a>, which is the mistaken belief that two events frequently co-occur. Kahneman and Tversky explained how the availability heuristic can cause us to over- or under-estimate the frequency with which certain events occur, leading us to draw erroneous conclusions, which may result in us seeing a correlation where there is none. Additionally, they discussed how the representativeness heuristic underlies the<a target=”” href=”/biases/illusion-of-validity”><strong>illusion of validity</strong></a>. The illusion of validity refers to our tendency to overestimate our accuracy in making probability judgments. The more representative an object or event is, the more confident we feel in our predictions about obtaining a certain outcome. However, because factors can influence the probability of obtaining that outcome, without affecting the representativeness of the object or event, we should not be so confident in our predictive abilities.</p></div><div></div></section></div><div name=”section-8″><section class=”inline-block c-mt-6″><div class=”rich-text prose max-w-none content-section-title”><h2>Example 1 – Advertising</h2></div><div class=”rich-text prose max-w-none”><p>Anyone working in advertising should have a working understanding of heuristics. This is because consumers often rely on heuristics when making decisions about purchases. One heuristic that frequently comes into play in the realm of advertising is the scarcity heuristic. When assessing the value of something, we often fall back on this heuristic, leading us to believe that the more rare the object in question, the more valuable it is.</p><p>A 2011 study by Praveen Aggarwal, Sung Yul Jun, and Jong Ho Huh evaluated the impact of “scarcity messages” on consumer behavior. They found that both “limited quantity” and “limited time” advertisem*nts influence consumers’ intentions to purchase, but “limited quantity” messages are more effective. This explains why people get so excited over the one-day-only Black Friday sales, and why the countdowns of units available on home shopping television frequently lead to impulse buys.<sup>14</sup></p><p>Knowledge of the scarcity heuristic can help businesses thrive, as “limited quantity” messages make potential consumers competitive and increase their intentions to purchase.<sup>15</sup>This marketing technique can be a useful tool for bolstering sales and bringing attention to your business.</p></div><div></div></section></div><div name=”section-9″><section class=”inline-block c-mt-6″><div class=”rich-text prose max-w-none content-section-title”><h2>Example 2 – Stereotyping</h2></div><div class=”rich-text prose max-w-none”><p>One of the downfalls of heuristics is that they have the potential to lead to stereotyping, which is often harmful. Kahneman and Tversky illustrated how the representativeness heuristic may result in the propagation of stereotypes when they presented participants with a personality sketch of a fictional man named Steve and a list of possible occupations and gave participants the task of ranking the occupations in order of likelihood of them being Steve’s job. Since the personality sketch described Steve as shy, helpful, introverted, and organized, participants tended to indicate his being a librarian as highly probable.<sup>16</sup>The stereotype of a librarian used here is, of course, less harmful than many other stereotypes, but this example serves to illustrate the link between heuristics and stereotypes.</p><p>Published in 1989, Patricia Devine’s paper “Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components” illustrates how, even among people low in prejudice, rejecting stereotypes requires a certain level of motivation and cognitive capacity.<sup>17</sup>We typically use heuristics in order to avoid exerting too much mental energy, specifically, in cases when we are not sufficiently motivated to dedicate significant mental resources to the task at hand. Thus, when we are not motivated to make a judgment or decision effortfully, we may rely instead upon automatic heuristic responses and, in doing so, risk propagating stereotypes.</p><p>Stereotypes are an example of how heuristics can go wrong. These broad generalizations do not always apply, and their continued use can have serious consequences. This underscores the importance of effortful judgment and decision-making, as opposed to automatic.</p></div><div></div></section></div><div name=”section-10″><section class=”inline-block c-mt-6″><div class=”rich-text prose max-w-none content-section-title”><h2>Summary</h2></div><div class=”rich-text prose max-w-none”><h5>What it is</h5><p>Heuristics are mental shortcuts that allow us to make quick judgment calls based on generalizations, or rules of thumb.</p><h5>Why it happens</h5><p>Heuristics in general occur because they are efficient ways of responding when we are faced with problems or decisions. They come about automatically, allowing us to allocate our mental energy elsewhere. The specific types of heuristics occur in different contexts; the availability heuristic happens because we remember certain memories better than others, the representativeness heuristic can be explained by prototype theory, and the anchoring and adjustment heuristic happens due to lack of incentive to put in the effort required for sufficient adjustment.</p><h5>Example 1 – Advertising</h5><p>The scarcity heuristic, which refers to how we value items more when they are scarce, can be used to the advantage of businesses looking to increase sales. Research has shown that advertising objects as “limited quantity” increases competitiveness among consumers and increases their intentions to buy the item.</p><h5>Example 2 – Stereotypes</h5><p>While heuristics can be useful, we should exert caution, as they are generalizations which may lead us to propagate stereotypes, which may range from inaccurate to harmful.</p><h5>How to avoid it</h5><p>Putting more effort into decision-making, instead of making decisions automatically, can help us avoid heuristics. Doing so requires more mental resources, but it will lead to more rational choices.</p></div><div></div></section></div><div name=”section-11″><section class=”inline-block c-mt-6″><div class=”rich-text prose max-w-none content-section-title”><h2>Related TDL articles</h2></div><div class=”rich-text prose max-w-none”><h5><a target=”” href=”/insights/society/tdl-perspectives-what-are-heuristics”>What are Heuristics</a></h5><p>This interview with The Decision Lab’s Managing Director Sekoul Krastev delves into the history of heuristics, their applications in the real world, and their consequences, both positive and negative.</p><h5><a target=”” href=”https://thedecisionlab.com/insights/health/what-rock-paper-scissors-can-teach-us-about-our-decision-making/”>What Rock-Paper-Scissors Can Teach Us About Our Decision-Making</a></h5><p>This article examines how Rock-Paper-Scissors is tied to heuristics, specifically, the win-stay lose-shift heuristic. It also describes the difference between System 1 thinking and System 2 thinking, or automatic thinking and effortful thinking. This simple, ubiquitous game offers significant insight into our decision-making processes.</p></div><div></div></section></div></div></div></div></div></article><section class=”richtext-grid”><div aria-hidden=”true”></div><div class=”container w-full”><div class=”lg:pl-[4%]”><section class=”mx-auto border-t lg:max-w-10/12 xl:max-w-2/3 article-grid-start:max-w-10/12 c-pt-8 c-mt-8 border-gray-third”><div class=”flex items-center justify-between “><h2 class=”text-2xl font-bold content-section-title header-bg”>Sources</h2><button class=”inline-block text-sm font-bold uppercase tracking-px c-mt-2 text-primary bg-grow-faded-70 text-color-hover-primary-darken”>Hide<i class=”fas fa-chevron-up fa-md ml-1.5 transition-transform duration-200 ease-in-out rotate-0″></i></button></div><div class=”References_referenceBody__eOOlU References_open__v0KyK c-mt-4″><div class=”rich-text break-words”><ol><li>Gilovich, T., Keltner, D., Chen. S, and Nisbett, R. (2015).<em>Social Psychology</em>(4th edition). W.W. Norton and Co. Inc.</li><li>Tversky, A. and Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases.<em>Science</em>. 185(4157), 1124-1131.</li><li>See 2</li><li>See 2</li><li>See 2</li><li>Mervis, C. B., & Rosch, E. (1981). Categorization of natural objects.<em>Annual Review of Psychology</em>,<em>32</em>(1), 89–115. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.32.020181.000513</li><li>See 2</li><li>See 2</li><li>Epley, N., & Gilovich, T. (2006). The anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic.<em>Psychological Science -Cambridge-</em>,<em>17</em>(4), 311–318.</li><li>See 2</li><li>System 1 and System 2 Thinking.<em>The Marketing Society.</em><a target=”” href=”https://www.marketingsociety.com/think-piece/system-1-and-system-2-thinking”><strong><em></em>https://www.marketingsociety.com/think-piece/system-1-and-system-2-thinking</strong></a></li><li>See 11</li><li>See 2</li><li>Aggarwal, P., Jun, S. Y., & Huh, J. H. (2011). Scarcity messages.<em>Journal of Advertising</em>,<em>40</em>(3), 19–30.</li><li>See 14</li><li>See 2</li><li>Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: their automatic and controlled components.<em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</em>,<em>56</em>(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5</li></ol></div></div></section></div></div><div aria-hidden=”true”></div></section><section class=”bg-gray py-section mt-24 sm:mt-[6.75rem] md:mt-[7.5rem] lg:mt-[8.25rem] xl:mt-36 “><div class=”container flex flex-col”><h2 class=”inline-block mx-auto text-2xl font-bold text-dark-green header-bg”>Read Next</h2><div class=”grid gap-x-6 grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-3″><a class=”flex flex-col c-px-4 c-pt-4 c-pb-6 c-mt-6 bg-gray-second transition duration-200 ease-in-out hover:bg-[rgba(32,224,204,.1)]” href=”/biases/hindsight-bias”><h3 class=”block font-bold tracking-px uppercase border-b text-secondary c-pb-2 border-gray-third”>Hindsight Bias</h3><div class=”flex items-center gap-3 c-mt-4″><h3 class=”font-medium leading-snug text-2rem font-serif-display text-dark-green”>Why do we see unpredictable events as predictable after they occur?</h3></div><div class=”inline-block mt-4″><div class=”rich-text mb-4 text-secondary c-mt-4″><h2>Why do we see unpredictable events as predictable after they occur?</h2></div></div><span class=”inline-flex items-center mt-auto mr-auto text-sm font-bold tracking-px uppercase text-primary bg-grow-faded text-color-hover-primary-darken”>Learn More<i class=”fa fa-long-arrow-right fa-xl ml-1.5″></i></span></a><a class=”flex flex-col c-px-4 c-pt-4 c-pb-6 c-mt-6 bg-gray-second transition duration-200 ease-in-out hover:bg-[rgba(32,224,204,.1)]” href=”/biases/hot-hand-fallacy”><h3 class=”block font-bold tracking-px uppercase border-b text-secondary c-pb-2 border-gray-third”>Hot-hand Fallacy</h3><div class=”flex items-center gap-3 c-mt-4″><h3 class=”font-medium leading-snug text-2rem font-serif-display text-dark-green”>Why do we expect previous successful performance to lead to future successful performance?</h3></div><div class=”inline-block mt-4″><div 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The anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic.Psychological Science -Cambridge-,17(4), 311–318.”,”spans”:[{“start”:74,”end”:107,”type”:”em”},{“start”:109,”end”:111,”type”:”em”}]},{“type”:”o-list-item”,”text”:”See 2″,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”o-list-item”,”text”:”System 1 and System 2 Thinking.The Marketing Society.https://www.marketingsociety.com/think-piece/system-1-and-system-2-thinking”,”spans”:[{“start”:32,”end”:55,”type”:”em”},{“start”:55,”end”:130,”type”:”strong”},{“start”:55,”end”:130,”type”:”hyperlink”,”data”:{“link_type”:”Web”,”url”:”https://www.marketingsociety.com/think-piece/system-1-and-system-2-thinking”}}]},{“type”:”o-list-item”,”text”:”See 11″,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”o-list-item”,”text”:”See 2″,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”o-list-item”,”text”:”Aggarwal, P., Jun, S. Y., \u0026 Huh, J. H. (2011). Scarcity messages.Journal of Advertising,40(3), 19–30.”,”spans”:[{“start”:66,”end”:88,”type”:”em”},{“start”:90,”end”:92,”type”:”em”}]},{“type”:”o-list-item”,”text”:”See 14″,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”o-list-item”,”text”:”See 2″,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”o-list-item”,”text”:”Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: their automatic and controlled components.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,56(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5″,”spans”:[{“start”:92,”end”:136,”type”:”em”},{“start”:138,”end”:140,”type”:”em”}]}],”read_next_posts”:[{“post”:{“id”:”Ybo76hAAAB8AqxBh”,”type”:”bias”,”tags”:[],”lang”:”en-ca”,”slug”:”hindsight-bias”,”first_publication_date”:”2021-12-15T19:03:14+0000″,”last_publication_date”:”2022-03-08T20:11:00+0000″,”uid”:”hindsight-bias”,”data”:{“intro_blurb”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Why do we see unpredictable events as predictable after they occur?”,”spans”:[]}],”title”:[{“type”:”heading1″,”text”:”Hindsight Bias”,”spans”:[]}]},”link_type”:”Document”,”isBroken”:false}},{“post”:{“id”:”Ybo8VBAAACAAqxJn”,”type”:”bias”,”tags”:[],”lang”:”en-ca”,”slug”:”hot-hand-fallacy”,”first_publication_date”:”2021-12-15T19:04:56+0000″,”last_publication_date”:”2022-03-08T20:11:00+0000″,”uid”:”hot-hand-fallacy”,”data”:{“intro_blurb”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Why do we expect previous successful performance to lead to future successful performance?”,”spans”:[]}],”title”:[{“type”:”heading1″,”text”:”Hot-hand Fallacy”,”spans”:[]}]},”link_type”:”Document”,”isBroken”:false}},{“post”:{“id”:”Ybo8whAAAB4AqxRu”,”type”:”bias”,”tags”:[],”lang”:”en-ca”,”slug”:”hyperbolic-discounting”,”first_publication_date”:”2021-12-15T19:06:46+0000″,”last_publication_date”:”2022-03-08T20:11:00+0000″,”uid”:”hyperbolic-discounting”,”data”:{“intro_blurb”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Why do we value immediate rewards more than long-term rewards?”,”spans”:[]}],”title”:[{“type”:”heading1″,”text”:”Hyperbolic Discounting”,”spans”:[]}]},”link_type”:”Document”,”isBroken”:false}}],”intro_section_title”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Where this bias occurs”,”spans”:[]}],”intro_section_body”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”We use heuristics in all sorts of situations. One type of heuristic, the availability heuristic, often occurs when we’re attempting to make judgments about the frequency with which a certain event occurs. Say, for example, someone asked you whether more tornadoes occur in Kansas or Nebraska. Most of us can easily call to mind an example of a tornado in Kansas: the tornado that whisked Dorothy Gale off to Oz in Frank L. Baum’s The Wizard of Oz. Although it’s fictional, this example comes to us easily. On the other hand, most people have a lot of trouble calling to mind an example of a tornado in Nebraska. This leads us to believe that tornadoes are more common in Kansas than Nebraska. However, the states actually report similar levels of tornadoes.1″,”spans”:[{“start”:757,”end”:758,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]}],”body”:[{“primary”:{“is_child”:false,”title”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Individual effects”,”spans”:[]}],”navigation_label”:null,”content_block”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”The thing about heuristics is that they aren’t always wrong. As generalizations, there are many situations where they can yield accurate predictions or result in good decision-making. However, even if the outcome is favorable, it was not achieved through logical means. When we use heuristics, we risk ignoring important information and overvaluing less relevant information. There’s no guarantee that using a heuristic will work out and, even if it does, we’ll be making the decision for the wrong reason; instead of basing it in reason, our behavior is resulting from a mental shortcut with no real rationale to support it.”,”spans”:[]}]},”items”:[{}],”id”:”content_section$4389ddf7-9a3f-4344-99c6-a74cba7df16e”,”slice_type”:”content_section”,”slice_label”:null},{“primary”:{“is_child”:false,”title”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Systemic effects”,”spans”:[]}],”navigation_label”:null,”content_block”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”Heuristics become even more concerning when applied to politics, academia, and economics. We may all resort to heuristics from time to time, something that is true even of members of these institutions who are tasked with making important, influential decisions. It is necessary for these figures to have a comprehensive understanding of the biases and heuristics that can affect our behavior, so as to promote accuracy on their part.”,”spans”:[]}]},”items”:[{}],”id”:”content_section$12be5e53-3a01-4f68-a6c4-a0cd3821bc7a”,”slice_type”:”content_section”,”slice_label”:null},{“primary”:{“is_child”:false,”title”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Why it happens”,”spans”:[]}],”navigation_label”:null,”content_block”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”In their paper “Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases” (1974)2, Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky identified three different kinds of heuristics: availability, representativeness, and anchoring and adjustment. Each type of heuristic is used for the purpose of reducing the mental effort needed to make a decision, but they occur in different contexts.”,”spans”:[{“start”:73,”end”:74,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]},{“type”:”heading5″,”text”:”Availability heuristic”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”The first type of heuristic is theavailability heuristic, which was touched upon in the example of judging the frequency with which tornadoes occur in Kansas relative to Nebraska. Kahneman and Tversky define this heuristic as a mental shortcut for making frequency or probability judgments based on “the ease with which instances or occurrences can be brought to mind” (p.1127).3″,”spans”:[{“start”:35,”end”:57,”type”:”strong”},{“start”:35,”end”:57,”type”:”hyperlink”,”data”:{“id”:”Ybo3LBUAAC4AqrtA”,”type”:”bias”,”tags”:[],”lang”:”en-ca”,”slug”:”availability-heuristic”,”first_publication_date”:”2021-12-15T18:43:12+0000″,”last_publication_date”:”2022-05-31T14:42:28+0000″,”uid”:”availability-heuristic”,”data”:{“intro_blurb”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Why do we tend to think that things that happened recently are more likely to happen again?”,”spans”:[]}],”title”:[{“type”:”heading1″,”text”:”Availability Heuristic”,”spans”:[]}]},”link_type”:”Document”,”isBroken”:false}},{“start”:379,”end”:380,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”The availability heuristic occurs because we can call certain memories to mind more easily than others. The example that Kahneman and Tversky give is that participants asked if more words in the English language start with the letter K or have the third letter K, most participants responded with the former. In actuality, it is the latter that is true, but it is much harder to think of words that have K as the third letter than it is to think of words that start with K.4In this case, our memories of words that begin with K come to mind more readily than do memories of words with the third letter K.”,”spans”:[{“start”:473,”end”:474,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]},{“type”:”heading5″,”text”:”Representativeness heuristic”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”A second type of heuristic is the representativeness heuristic. We often rely on this heuristic when making probability judgments. We tend to classify events into categories, which, as illustrated by Kahneman and Tversky, can result in our use of this heuristic. When we use the representativeness heuristic, we make probability judgments about the likelihood that an object or event arises from some category based on the extent to which the object or event in question is similar to the prototypical example of that category.5For example, if someone we meet in one of our university lectures looks and acts like a stereotypical medical student, we may judge the probability that they are studying medicine as highly likely, even without any hard evidence to support that assumption.”,”spans”:[{“start”:527,”end”:528,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”The representativeness heuristic is associated with prototype theory.6This prominent theory in cognitive science provides an explanation for object and identity recognition. It suggests that we categorize different objects and identities in our memory. For example, we may have a category for chairs, a category for fish, a category for books, and so on. Prototype theory posits that we develop prototypical examples for these categories by averaging every example of a given category we encounter. As such, our prototype of a chair should be the most average example of a chair possible, based on our experience with that object. This aids in object recognition because we compare every object we encounter against the prototypes stored in our memory for identification. The more the object resembles the prototype, the more confident we are that it belongs in that category. Prototype theory may give rise to the representativeness heuristic, as this heuristic occurs in situations when a certain object or event is viewed as similar to the prototype stored in our memory, which leads us to classify the object or event into the category represented by that prototype. To go back to the previous example, if your peer closely resembles your prototypical example of a med student, you may place them into that category, based on the prototype theory of object and identity recognition. This, however, causes you to commit the representativeness heuristic.”,”spans”:[{“start”:69,”end”:70,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]},{“type”:”heading5″,”text”:”Anchoring and adjustment heuristic”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”The third type of heuristic put forth by Kahneman and Tversky in their initial paper on the topic is the anchoring and adjustment heuristic.7This heuristic describes how, when estimating a certain value, we tend to give an initial value, then adjust it by increasing or decreasing our estimation. However, we often get stuck on that initial value – which is referred to as anchoring – which results in us making insufficient adjustments. Thus, our adjusted value is biased in favor of the initial value, which we have anchored on.”,”spans”:[{“start”:140,”end”:141,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”In the example given by Kahneman and Tversky, participants were presented with a question, such as “estimate the number of African countries in the United Nations (UN)”. A wheel labeled with numbers from 0-100 was spun, and participants were asked to say whether or not the number the wheel landed on was higher or lower than their answer to the question. Then, participants were asked to give an estimate of the number of African countries in the UN. Kahneman and Tversky found that participants tended to anchor on the random number obtained by spinning the wheel. So, when the number obtained by spinning the wheel was 10, the median estimate given by participants was 25, while, when the number obtained from the wheel was 65, participants’ median estimate was 45.8″,”spans”:[{“start”:768,”end”:769,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”A 2006 study by Epley and Gilovich, “The Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic: Why the Adjustments are Insufficient”9investigated the causes of this heuristic. They illustrated that anchoring often occurs because the information we anchor on is more accessible than other information because we have just encountered it. Furthermore, they provided empirical evidence to demonstrate that our adjustments tend to be insufficient because adjustments require significant mental effort, which we are not always motivated to dedicate to the task. They also found that providing incentives for accuracy led participants to make more sufficient adjustments. So, this particular heuristic generally occurs when there is no real incentive to provide an accurate response.”,”spans”:[{“start”:114,”end”:115,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]},{“type”:”heading5″,”text”:”Quick and easy”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”What these types of heuristics have in common is that they all allow us to respond automatically, without much effortful thought. They provide an immediate response and do not use up much of our mental energy, which allows us to dedicate mental resources to other matters, which may be more pressing. In that way, heuristics are efficient, which is a big reason why we continue to use them. That being said, we should be mindful of how much we rely on them because there is no guarantee as to their accuracy.”,”spans”:[]}]},”items”:[{}],”id”:”content_section$d3c849c5-3fb6-4aa2-83e6-21113d4906a0″,”slice_type”:”content_section”,”slice_label”:null},{“primary”:{“is_child”:false,”title”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Why it is important”,”spans”:[]}],”navigation_label”:null,”content_block”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”Using heuristics can cause us to engage in various cognitive biases and commit certain fallacies, as Tversky and Kahneman illustrate.10As a result, we may make poor decisions, as well as inaccurate judgments and predictions. Awareness of heuristics can aid us in avoiding them, which will ultimately lead us to engage in more adaptive behaviors.”,”spans”:[{“start”:133,”end”:135,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]}]},”items”:[{}],”id”:”content_section$c6f57929-e07c-4d59-ad0b-5754880b88de”,”slice_type”:”content_section”,”slice_label”:null},{“primary”:{“is_child”:false,”title”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”How to avoid it”,”spans”:[]}],”navigation_label”:null,”content_block”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”Heuristics arise from automatic, System 1, thinking. It is a common misconception that errors in judgment can be avoided by relying exclusively on System 2 thinking. However, as pointed out by Kahneman, neither System 2 nor System 1 are infallible.11While System 1 can result in heuristics, which lead to certain biases, System 2 can give rise to other biases, such as the confirmation bias.12Systems 1 and 2 complement each other, and using them together can lead to more rational decision-making. That is, we shouldn’t make judgments automatically, without a second thought, but we also shouldn’t overthink things to the point where we’re looking for specific evidence to support our stance. Thus, heuristics can be avoided by making judgments more effortfully, but in doing so we should attempt not to overanalyze the situation.”,”spans”:[{“start”:248,”end”:250,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}},{“start”:393,”end”:395,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]}]},”items”:[{}],”id”:”content_section$ba766e62-76fd-4ffa-a39d-cbdef19f27b4″,”slice_type”:”content_section”,”slice_label”:null},{“primary”:{“is_child”:false,”title”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”How it all started”,”spans”:[]}],”navigation_label”:null,”content_block”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”The first three heuristics – availability, representativeness, and anchoring and adjustment – were identified by Tverksy and Kahneman in their 1974 paper, “Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases”.13In addition to presenting these heuristics and their relevant experiments, they listed the respective biases that each of them can lead to.”,”spans”:[{“start”:207,”end”:209,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”To give an example, upon defining the availability heuristic, they illustrated how it may lead toillusory correlation, which is the mistaken belief that two events frequently co-occur. Kahneman and Tversky explained how the availability heuristic can cause us to over- or under-estimate the frequency with which certain events occur, leading us to draw erroneous conclusions, which may result in us seeing a correlation where there is none. Additionally, they discussed how the representativeness heuristic underlies theillusion of validity. The illusion of validity refers to our tendency to overestimate our accuracy in making probability judgments. The more representative an object or event is, the more confident we feel in our predictions about obtaining a certain outcome. However, because factors can influence the probability of obtaining that outcome, without affecting the representativeness of the object or event, we should not be so confident in our predictive abilities.”,”spans”:[{“start”:98,”end”:118,”type”:”strong”},{“start”:98,”end”:118,”type”:”hyperlink”,”data”:{“id”:”Ybo_zhAAACEAqyLm”,”type”:”bias”,”tags”:[],”lang”:”en-ca”,”slug”:”illusory-correlation”,”first_publication_date”:”2021-12-15T19:19:46+0000″,”last_publication_date”:”2022-03-08T20:11:00+0000″,”uid”:”illusory-correlation”,”data”:{“intro_blurb”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Why do we think some things are related when they aren’t?”,”spans”:[]}],”title”:[{“type”:”heading1″,”text”:”Illusory Correlation”,”spans”:[]}]},”link_type”:”Document”,”isBroken”:false}},{“start”:522,”end”:542,”type”:”strong”},{“start”:522,”end”:542,”type”:”hyperlink”,”data”:{“id”:”Ybo_WhAAACEAqyDP”,”type”:”bias”,”tags”:[],”lang”:”en-ca”,”slug”:”illusion-of-validity”,”first_publication_date”:”2021-12-15T19:17:51+0000″,”last_publication_date”:”2022-03-08T20:11:00+0000″,”uid”:”illusion-of-validity”,”data”:{“intro_blurb”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Why are we overconfident in our predictions?”,”spans”:[]}],”title”:[{“type”:”heading1″,”text”:”Illusion of Validity”,”spans”:[]}]},”link_type”:”Document”,”isBroken”:false}}]}]},”items”:[{}],”id”:”content_section$37eb3e09-cc56-4f76-a557-72a0fa25478a”,”slice_type”:”content_section”,”slice_label”:null},{“primary”:{“is_child”:false,”title”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Example 1 – Advertising”,”spans”:[]}],”navigation_label”:null,”content_block”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”Anyone working in advertising should have a working understanding of heuristics. This is because consumers often rely on heuristics when making decisions about purchases. One heuristic that frequently comes into play in the realm of advertising is the scarcity heuristic. When assessing the value of something, we often fall back on this heuristic, leading us to believe that the more rare the object in question, the more valuable it is.”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”A 2011 study by Praveen Aggarwal, Sung Yul Jun, and Jong Ho Huh evaluated the impact of “scarcity messages” on consumer behavior. They found that both “limited quantity” and “limited time” advertisem*nts influence consumers’ intentions to purchase, but “limited quantity” messages are more effective. This explains why people get so excited over the one-day-only Black Friday sales, and why the countdowns of units available on home shopping television frequently lead to impulse buys.14″,”spans”:[{“start”:485,”end”:487,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”Knowledge of the scarcity heuristic can help businesses thrive, as “limited quantity” messages make potential consumers competitive and increase their intentions to purchase.15This marketing technique can be a useful tool for bolstering sales and bringing attention to your business.”,”spans”:[{“start”:174,”end”:176,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]}]},”items”:[{}],”id”:”content_section$1c75448e-f052-47c2-992b-0a2ecbfb8a0e”,”slice_type”:”content_section”,”slice_label”:null},{“primary”:{“is_child”:false,”title”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Example 2 – Stereotyping”,”spans”:[]}],”navigation_label”:null,”content_block”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”One of the downfalls of heuristics is that they have the potential to lead to stereotyping, which is often harmful. Kahneman and Tversky illustrated how the representativeness heuristic may result in the propagation of stereotypes when they presented participants with a personality sketch of a fictional man named Steve and a list of possible occupations and gave participants the task of ranking the occupations in order of likelihood of them being Steve’s job. Since the personality sketch described Steve as shy, helpful, introverted, and organized, participants tended to indicate his being a librarian as highly probable.16The stereotype of a librarian used here is, of course, less harmful than many other stereotypes, but this example serves to illustrate the link between heuristics and stereotypes.”,”spans”:[{“start”:627,”end”:629,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”Published in 1989, Patricia Devine’s paper “Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components” illustrates how, even among people low in prejudice, rejecting stereotypes requires a certain level of motivation and cognitive capacity.17We typically use heuristics in order to avoid exerting too much mental energy, specifically, in cases when we are not sufficiently motivated to dedicate significant mental resources to the task at hand. Thus, when we are not motivated to make a judgment or decision effortfully, we may rely instead upon automatic heuristic responses and, in doing so, risk propagating stereotypes.”,”spans”:[{“start”:251,”end”:253,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”Stereotypes are an example of how heuristics can go wrong. These broad generalizations do not always apply, and their continued use can have serious consequences. This underscores the importance of effortful judgment and decision-making, as opposed to automatic.”,”spans”:[]}]},”items”:[{}],”id”:”content_section$adcf165a-7634-4652-8719-b11c8d6d1d3d”,”slice_type”:”content_section”,”slice_label”:null},{“primary”:{“is_child”:false,”title”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Summary”,”spans”:[]}],”navigation_label”:null,”content_block”:[{“type”:”heading5″,”text”:”What it is”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”Heuristics are mental shortcuts that allow us to make quick judgment calls based on generalizations, or rules of thumb.”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”heading5″,”text”:”Why it happens”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”Heuristics in general occur because they are efficient ways of responding when we are faced with problems or decisions. They come about automatically, allowing us to allocate our mental energy elsewhere. The specific types of heuristics occur in different contexts; the availability heuristic happens because we remember certain memories better than others, the representativeness heuristic can be explained by prototype theory, and the anchoring and adjustment heuristic happens due to lack of incentive to put in the effort required for sufficient adjustment.”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”heading5″,”text”:”Example 1 – Advertising”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”The scarcity heuristic, which refers to how we value items more when they are scarce, can be used to the advantage of businesses looking to increase sales. Research has shown that advertising objects as “limited quantity” increases competitiveness among consumers and increases their intentions to buy the item.”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”heading5″,”text”:”Example 2 – Stereotypes”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”While heuristics can be useful, we should exert caution, as they are generalizations which may lead us to propagate stereotypes, which may range from inaccurate to harmful.”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”heading5″,”text”:”How to avoid it”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”Putting more effort into decision-making, instead of making decisions automatically, can help us avoid heuristics. Doing so requires more mental resources, but it will lead to more rational choices.”,”spans”:[]}]},”items”:[{}],”id”:”content_section$98dfe8a5-a6ec-4700-9c39-ec1226e20541″,”slice_type”:”content_section”,”slice_label”:null},{“primary”:{“is_child”:false,”title”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Related TDL articles”,”spans”:[]}],”navigation_label”:null,”content_block”:[{“type”:”heading5″,”text”:”What are Heuristics”,”spans”:[{“start”:0,”end”:19,”type”:”hyperlink”,”data”:{“id”:”YbyHcxEAACAAFTPQ”,”type”:”post”,”tags”:[],”lang”:”en-ca”,”slug”:”tdl-perspectives-what-are-heuristics”,”first_publication_date”:”2021-12-17T12:50:01+0000″,”last_publication_date”:”2022-03-08T20:11:00+0000″,”uid”:”tdl-perspectives-what-are-heuristics”,”data”:{“excerpt”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”Without heuristics, the brain would have a tough time solving even the simplest of problems. Check out this perspective piece to learn more about what heuristics do, why they exist, and how they apply in the real world.”,”spans”:[]}],”categories”:[{“category”:{“id”:”YVxIyhEAACMAwqKw”,”type”:”category”,”tags”:[“Posts”,”Case Study”,”Research Report”],”lang”:”en-ca”,”slug”:”society”,”first_publication_date”:”2021-10-05T12:45:02+0000″,”last_publication_date”:”2022-03-10T16:17:18+0000″,”uid”:”society”,”data”:{“name”:[{“type”:”heading1″,”text”:”Society”,”spans”:[]}]},”link_type”:”Document”,”isBroken”:false}}],”title”:[{“type”:”heading1″,”text”:”TDL Perspectives: What Are Heuristics?”,”spans”:[]}],”image”:{“dimensions”:{“width”:1920,”height”:1143},”alt”:”man looking out the window”,”copyright”:null,”url”:”https://images.prismic.io/thedecisionlab/d72edd10-20dd-4f62-a3e0-f9011e1d0e0d_city-1868530_1920.jpeg?auto=compress,format”}},”link_type”:”Document”,”isBroken”:false}}]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”This interview with The Decision Lab’s Managing Director Sekoul Krastev delves into the history of heuristics, their applications in the real world, and their consequences, both positive and negative.”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”heading5″,”text”:”What Rock-Paper-Scissors Can Teach Us About Our Decision-Making”,”spans”:[{“start”:0,”end”:63,”type”:”hyperlink”,”data”:{“link_type”:”Web”,”url”:”https://thedecisionlab.com/insights/health/what-rock-paper-scissors-can-teach-us-about-our-decision-making/”}}]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”This article examines how Rock-Paper-Scissors is tied to heuristics, specifically, the win-stay lose-shift heuristic. It also describes the difference between System 1 thinking and System 2 thinking, or automatic thinking and effortful thinking. This simple, ubiquitous game offers significant insight into our decision-making processes.”,”spans”:[]}]},”items”:[{}],”id”:”content_section$c0ff277e-d53a-4bd0-909a-e2a418923935″,”slice_type”:”content_section”,”slice_label”:null}],”id”:”Ybol-REAACAAGgZP”,”first_publication_date”:”2021-12-15T17:29:33+0000″,”last_publication_date”:”2022-03-08T20:11:00+0000″},”readingTime”:12,”slices”:[{“primary”:{“is_child”:false,”title”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Individual effects”,”spans”:[]}],”navigation_label”:null,”content_block”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”The thing about heuristics is that they aren’t always wrong. As generalizations, there are many situations where they can yield accurate predictions or result in good decision-making. However, even if the outcome is favorable, it was not achieved through logical means. When we use heuristics, we risk ignoring important information and overvaluing less relevant information. There’s no guarantee that using a heuristic will work out and, even if it does, we’ll be making the decision for the wrong reason; instead of basing it in reason, our behavior is resulting from a mental shortcut with no real rationale to support it.”,”spans”:[]}]},”items”:[{}],”id”:”content_section$4389ddf7-9a3f-4344-99c6-a74cba7df16e”,”slice_type”:”content_section”,”slice_label”:null,”scroll_spy_id”:”section-2″},{“primary”:{“is_child”:false,”title”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Systemic effects”,”spans”:[]}],”navigation_label”:null,”content_block”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”Heuristics become even more concerning when applied to politics, academia, and economics. We may all resort to heuristics from time to time, something that is true even of members of these institutions who are tasked with making important, influential decisions. It is necessary for these figures to have a comprehensive understanding of the biases and heuristics that can affect our behavior, so as to promote accuracy on their part.”,”spans”:[]}]},”items”:[{}],”id”:”content_section$12be5e53-3a01-4f68-a6c4-a0cd3821bc7a”,”slice_type”:”content_section”,”slice_label”:null,”scroll_spy_id”:”section-3″},{“primary”:{“is_child”:false,”title”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Why it happens”,”spans”:[]}],”navigation_label”:null,”content_block”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”In their paper “Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases” (1974)2, Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky identified three different kinds of heuristics: availability, representativeness, and anchoring and adjustment. Each type of heuristic is used for the purpose of reducing the mental effort needed to make a decision, but they occur in different contexts.”,”spans”:[{“start”:73,”end”:74,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]},{“type”:”heading5″,”text”:”Availability heuristic”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”The first type of heuristic is theavailability heuristic, which was touched upon in the example of judging the frequency with which tornadoes occur in Kansas relative to Nebraska. Kahneman and Tversky define this heuristic as a mental shortcut for making frequency or probability judgments based on “the ease with which instances or occurrences can be brought to mind” (p.1127).3″,”spans”:[{“start”:35,”end”:57,”type”:”strong”},{“start”:35,”end”:57,”type”:”hyperlink”,”data”:{“id”:”Ybo3LBUAAC4AqrtA”,”type”:”bias”,”tags”:[],”lang”:”en-ca”,”slug”:”availability-heuristic”,”first_publication_date”:”2021-12-15T18:43:12+0000″,”last_publication_date”:”2022-05-31T14:42:28+0000″,”uid”:”availability-heuristic”,”data”:{“intro_blurb”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Why do we tend to think that things that happened recently are more likely to happen again?”,”spans”:[]}],”title”:[{“type”:”heading1″,”text”:”Availability Heuristic”,”spans”:[]}]},”link_type”:”Document”,”isBroken”:false}},{“start”:379,”end”:380,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”The availability heuristic occurs because we can call certain memories to mind more easily than others. The example that Kahneman and Tversky give is that participants asked if more words in the English language start with the letter K or have the third letter K, most participants responded with the former. In actuality, it is the latter that is true, but it is much harder to think of words that have K as the third letter than it is to think of words that start with K.4In this case, our memories of words that begin with K come to mind more readily than do memories of words with the third letter K.”,”spans”:[{“start”:473,”end”:474,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]},{“type”:”heading5″,”text”:”Representativeness heuristic”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”A second type of heuristic is the representativeness heuristic. We often rely on this heuristic when making probability judgments. We tend to classify events into categories, which, as illustrated by Kahneman and Tversky, can result in our use of this heuristic. When we use the representativeness heuristic, we make probability judgments about the likelihood that an object or event arises from some category based on the extent to which the object or event in question is similar to the prototypical example of that category.5For example, if someone we meet in one of our university lectures looks and acts like a stereotypical medical student, we may judge the probability that they are studying medicine as highly likely, even without any hard evidence to support that assumption.”,”spans”:[{“start”:527,”end”:528,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”The representativeness heuristic is associated with prototype theory.6This prominent theory in cognitive science provides an explanation for object and identity recognition. It suggests that we categorize different objects and identities in our memory. For example, we may have a category for chairs, a category for fish, a category for books, and so on. Prototype theory posits that we develop prototypical examples for these categories by averaging every example of a given category we encounter. As such, our prototype of a chair should be the most average example of a chair possible, based on our experience with that object. This aids in object recognition because we compare every object we encounter against the prototypes stored in our memory for identification. The more the object resembles the prototype, the more confident we are that it belongs in that category. Prototype theory may give rise to the representativeness heuristic, as this heuristic occurs in situations when a certain object or event is viewed as similar to the prototype stored in our memory, which leads us to classify the object or event into the category represented by that prototype. To go back to the previous example, if your peer closely resembles your prototypical example of a med student, you may place them into that category, based on the prototype theory of object and identity recognition. This, however, causes you to commit the representativeness heuristic.”,”spans”:[{“start”:69,”end”:70,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]},{“type”:”heading5″,”text”:”Anchoring and adjustment heuristic”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”The third type of heuristic put forth by Kahneman and Tversky in their initial paper on the topic is the anchoring and adjustment heuristic.7This heuristic describes how, when estimating a certain value, we tend to give an initial value, then adjust it by increasing or decreasing our estimation. However, we often get stuck on that initial value – which is referred to as anchoring – which results in us making insufficient adjustments. Thus, our adjusted value is biased in favor of the initial value, which we have anchored on.”,”spans”:[{“start”:140,”end”:141,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”In the example given by Kahneman and Tversky, participants were presented with a question, such as “estimate the number of African countries in the United Nations (UN)”. A wheel labeled with numbers from 0-100 was spun, and participants were asked to say whether or not the number the wheel landed on was higher or lower than their answer to the question. Then, participants were asked to give an estimate of the number of African countries in the UN. Kahneman and Tversky found that participants tended to anchor on the random number obtained by spinning the wheel. So, when the number obtained by spinning the wheel was 10, the median estimate given by participants was 25, while, when the number obtained from the wheel was 65, participants’ median estimate was 45.8″,”spans”:[{“start”:768,”end”:769,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”A 2006 study by Epley and Gilovich, “The Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic: Why the Adjustments are Insufficient”9investigated the causes of this heuristic. They illustrated that anchoring often occurs because the information we anchor on is more accessible than other information because we have just encountered it. Furthermore, they provided empirical evidence to demonstrate that our adjustments tend to be insufficient because adjustments require significant mental effort, which we are not always motivated to dedicate to the task. They also found that providing incentives for accuracy led participants to make more sufficient adjustments. So, this particular heuristic generally occurs when there is no real incentive to provide an accurate response.”,”spans”:[{“start”:114,”end”:115,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]},{“type”:”heading5″,”text”:”Quick and easy”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”What these types of heuristics have in common is that they all allow us to respond automatically, without much effortful thought. They provide an immediate response and do not use up much of our mental energy, which allows us to dedicate mental resources to other matters, which may be more pressing. In that way, heuristics are efficient, which is a big reason why we continue to use them. That being said, we should be mindful of how much we rely on them because there is no guarantee as to their accuracy.”,”spans”:[]}]},”items”:[{}],”id”:”content_section$d3c849c5-3fb6-4aa2-83e6-21113d4906a0″,”slice_type”:”content_section”,”slice_label”:null,”scroll_spy_id”:”section-4″},{“primary”:{“is_child”:false,”title”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Why it is important”,”spans”:[]}],”navigation_label”:null,”content_block”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”Using heuristics can cause us to engage in various cognitive biases and commit certain fallacies, as Tversky and Kahneman illustrate.10As a result, we may make poor decisions, as well as inaccurate judgments and predictions. Awareness of heuristics can aid us in avoiding them, which will ultimately lead us to engage in more adaptive behaviors.”,”spans”:[{“start”:133,”end”:135,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]}]},”items”:[{}],”id”:”content_section$c6f57929-e07c-4d59-ad0b-5754880b88de”,”slice_type”:”content_section”,”slice_label”:null,”scroll_spy_id”:”section-5″},{“primary”:{“is_child”:false,”title”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”How to avoid it”,”spans”:[]}],”navigation_label”:null,”content_block”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”Heuristics arise from automatic, System 1, thinking. It is a common misconception that errors in judgment can be avoided by relying exclusively on System 2 thinking. However, as pointed out by Kahneman, neither System 2 nor System 1 are infallible.11While System 1 can result in heuristics, which lead to certain biases, System 2 can give rise to other biases, such as the confirmation bias.12Systems 1 and 2 complement each other, and using them together can lead to more rational decision-making. That is, we shouldn’t make judgments automatically, without a second thought, but we also shouldn’t overthink things to the point where we’re looking for specific evidence to support our stance. Thus, heuristics can be avoided by making judgments more effortfully, but in doing so we should attempt not to overanalyze the situation.”,”spans”:[{“start”:248,”end”:250,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}},{“start”:393,”end”:395,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]}]},”items”:[{}],”id”:”content_section$ba766e62-76fd-4ffa-a39d-cbdef19f27b4″,”slice_type”:”content_section”,”slice_label”:null,”scroll_spy_id”:”section-6″},{“primary”:{“is_child”:false,”title”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”How it all started”,”spans”:[]}],”navigation_label”:null,”content_block”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”The first three heuristics – availability, representativeness, and anchoring and adjustment – were identified by Tverksy and Kahneman in their 1974 paper, “Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases”.13In addition to presenting these heuristics and their relevant experiments, they listed the respective biases that each of them can lead to.”,”spans”:[{“start”:207,”end”:209,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”To give an example, upon defining the availability heuristic, they illustrated how it may lead toillusory correlation, which is the mistaken belief that two events frequently co-occur. Kahneman and Tversky explained how the availability heuristic can cause us to over- or under-estimate the frequency with which certain events occur, leading us to draw erroneous conclusions, which may result in us seeing a correlation where there is none. Additionally, they discussed how the representativeness heuristic underlies theillusion of validity. The illusion of validity refers to our tendency to overestimate our accuracy in making probability judgments. The more representative an object or event is, the more confident we feel in our predictions about obtaining a certain outcome. However, because factors can influence the probability of obtaining that outcome, without affecting the representativeness of the object or event, we should not be so confident in our predictive abilities.”,”spans”:[{“start”:98,”end”:118,”type”:”strong”},{“start”:98,”end”:118,”type”:”hyperlink”,”data”:{“id”:”Ybo_zhAAACEAqyLm”,”type”:”bias”,”tags”:[],”lang”:”en-ca”,”slug”:”illusory-correlation”,”first_publication_date”:”2021-12-15T19:19:46+0000″,”last_publication_date”:”2022-03-08T20:11:00+0000″,”uid”:”illusory-correlation”,”data”:{“intro_blurb”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Why do we think some things are related when they aren’t?”,”spans”:[]}],”title”:[{“type”:”heading1″,”text”:”Illusory Correlation”,”spans”:[]}]},”link_type”:”Document”,”isBroken”:false}},{“start”:522,”end”:542,”type”:”strong”},{“start”:522,”end”:542,”type”:”hyperlink”,”data”:{“id”:”Ybo_WhAAACEAqyDP”,”type”:”bias”,”tags”:[],”lang”:”en-ca”,”slug”:”illusion-of-validity”,”first_publication_date”:”2021-12-15T19:17:51+0000″,”last_publication_date”:”2022-03-08T20:11:00+0000″,”uid”:”illusion-of-validity”,”data”:{“intro_blurb”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Why are we overconfident in our predictions?”,”spans”:[]}],”title”:[{“type”:”heading1″,”text”:”Illusion of Validity”,”spans”:[]}]},”link_type”:”Document”,”isBroken”:false}}]}]},”items”:[{}],”id”:”content_section$37eb3e09-cc56-4f76-a557-72a0fa25478a”,”slice_type”:”content_section”,”slice_label”:null,”scroll_spy_id”:”section-7″},{“primary”:{“is_child”:false,”title”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Example 1 – Advertising”,”spans”:[]}],”navigation_label”:null,”content_block”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”Anyone working in advertising should have a working understanding of heuristics. This is because consumers often rely on heuristics when making decisions about purchases. One heuristic that frequently comes into play in the realm of advertising is the scarcity heuristic. When assessing the value of something, we often fall back on this heuristic, leading us to believe that the more rare the object in question, the more valuable it is.”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”A 2011 study by Praveen Aggarwal, Sung Yul Jun, and Jong Ho Huh evaluated the impact of “scarcity messages” on consumer behavior. They found that both “limited quantity” and “limited time” advertisem*nts influence consumers’ intentions to purchase, but “limited quantity” messages are more effective. This explains why people get so excited over the one-day-only Black Friday sales, and why the countdowns of units available on home shopping television frequently lead to impulse buys.14″,”spans”:[{“start”:485,”end”:487,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”Knowledge of the scarcity heuristic can help businesses thrive, as “limited quantity” messages make potential consumers competitive and increase their intentions to purchase.15This marketing technique can be a useful tool for bolstering sales and bringing attention to your business.”,”spans”:[{“start”:174,”end”:176,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]}]},”items”:[{}],”id”:”content_section$1c75448e-f052-47c2-992b-0a2ecbfb8a0e”,”slice_type”:”content_section”,”slice_label”:null,”scroll_spy_id”:”section-8″},{“primary”:{“is_child”:false,”title”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Example 2 – Stereotyping”,”spans”:[]}],”navigation_label”:null,”content_block”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”One of the downfalls of heuristics is that they have the potential to lead to stereotyping, which is often harmful. Kahneman and Tversky illustrated how the representativeness heuristic may result in the propagation of stereotypes when they presented participants with a personality sketch of a fictional man named Steve and a list of possible occupations and gave participants the task of ranking the occupations in order of likelihood of them being Steve’s job. Since the personality sketch described Steve as shy, helpful, introverted, and organized, participants tended to indicate his being a librarian as highly probable.16The stereotype of a librarian used here is, of course, less harmful than many other stereotypes, but this example serves to illustrate the link between heuristics and stereotypes.”,”spans”:[{“start”:627,”end”:629,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”Published in 1989, Patricia Devine’s paper “Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components” illustrates how, even among people low in prejudice, rejecting stereotypes requires a certain level of motivation and cognitive capacity.17We typically use heuristics in order to avoid exerting too much mental energy, specifically, in cases when we are not sufficiently motivated to dedicate significant mental resources to the task at hand. Thus, when we are not motivated to make a judgment or decision effortfully, we may rely instead upon automatic heuristic responses and, in doing so, risk propagating stereotypes.”,”spans”:[{“start”:251,”end”:253,”type”:”label”,”data”:{“label”:”superscript”}}]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”Stereotypes are an example of how heuristics can go wrong. These broad generalizations do not always apply, and their continued use can have serious consequences. This underscores the importance of effortful judgment and decision-making, as opposed to automatic.”,”spans”:[]}]},”items”:[{}],”id”:”content_section$adcf165a-7634-4652-8719-b11c8d6d1d3d”,”slice_type”:”content_section”,”slice_label”:null,”scroll_spy_id”:”section-9″},{“primary”:{“is_child”:false,”title”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Summary”,”spans”:[]}],”navigation_label”:null,”content_block”:[{“type”:”heading5″,”text”:”What it is”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”Heuristics are mental shortcuts that allow us to make quick judgment calls based on generalizations, or rules of thumb.”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”heading5″,”text”:”Why it happens”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”Heuristics in general occur because they are efficient ways of responding when we are faced with problems or decisions. They come about automatically, allowing us to allocate our mental energy elsewhere. The specific types of heuristics occur in different contexts; the availability heuristic happens because we remember certain memories better than others, the representativeness heuristic can be explained by prototype theory, and the anchoring and adjustment heuristic happens due to lack of incentive to put in the effort required for sufficient adjustment.”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”heading5″,”text”:”Example 1 – Advertising”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”The scarcity heuristic, which refers to how we value items more when they are scarce, can be used to the advantage of businesses looking to increase sales. Research has shown that advertising objects as “limited quantity” increases competitiveness among consumers and increases their intentions to buy the item.”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”heading5″,”text”:”Example 2 – Stereotypes”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”While heuristics can be useful, we should exert caution, as they are generalizations which may lead us to propagate stereotypes, which may range from inaccurate to harmful.”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”heading5″,”text”:”How to avoid it”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”Putting more effort into decision-making, instead of making decisions automatically, can help us avoid heuristics. Doing so requires more mental resources, but it will lead to more rational choices.”,”spans”:[]}]},”items”:[{}],”id”:”content_section$98dfe8a5-a6ec-4700-9c39-ec1226e20541″,”slice_type”:”content_section”,”slice_label”:null,”scroll_spy_id”:”section-10″},{“primary”:{“is_child”:false,”title”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Related TDL articles”,”spans”:[]}],”navigation_label”:null,”content_block”:[{“type”:”heading5″,”text”:”What are Heuristics”,”spans”:[{“start”:0,”end”:19,”type”:”hyperlink”,”data”:{“id”:”YbyHcxEAACAAFTPQ”,”type”:”post”,”tags”:[],”lang”:”en-ca”,”slug”:”tdl-perspectives-what-are-heuristics”,”first_publication_date”:”2021-12-17T12:50:01+0000″,”last_publication_date”:”2022-03-08T20:11:00+0000″,”uid”:”tdl-perspectives-what-are-heuristics”,”data”:{“excerpt”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”Without heuristics, the brain would have a tough time solving even the simplest of problems. Check out this perspective piece to learn more about what heuristics do, why they exist, and how they apply in the real world.”,”spans”:[]}],”categories”:[{“category”:{“id”:”YVxIyhEAACMAwqKw”,”type”:”category”,”tags”:[“Posts”,”Case Study”,”Research Report”],”lang”:”en-ca”,”slug”:”society”,”first_publication_date”:”2021-10-05T12:45:02+0000″,”last_publication_date”:”2022-03-10T16:17:18+0000″,”uid”:”society”,”data”:{“name”:[{“type”:”heading1″,”text”:”Society”,”spans”:[]}]},”link_type”:”Document”,”isBroken”:false}}],”title”:[{“type”:”heading1″,”text”:”TDL Perspectives: What Are Heuristics?”,”spans”:[]}],”image”:{“dimensions”:{“width”:1920,”height”:1143},”alt”:”man looking out the window”,”copyright”:null,”url”:”https://images.prismic.io/thedecisionlab/d72edd10-20dd-4f62-a3e0-f9011e1d0e0d_city-1868530_1920.jpeg?auto=compress,format”}},”link_type”:”Document”,”isBroken”:false}}]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”This interview with The Decision Lab’s Managing Director Sekoul Krastev delves into the history of heuristics, their applications in the real world, and their consequences, both positive and negative.”,”spans”:[]},{“type”:”heading5″,”text”:”What Rock-Paper-Scissors Can Teach Us About Our Decision-Making”,”spans”:[{“start”:0,”end”:63,”type”:”hyperlink”,”data”:{“link_type”:”Web”,”url”:”https://thedecisionlab.com/insights/health/what-rock-paper-scissors-can-teach-us-about-our-decision-making/”}}]},{“type”:”paragraph”,”text”:”This article examines how Rock-Paper-Scissors is tied to heuristics, specifically, the win-stay lose-shift heuristic. It also describes the difference between System 1 thinking and System 2 thinking, or automatic thinking and effortful thinking. This simple, ubiquitous game offers significant insight into our decision-making processes.”,”spans”:[]}]},”items”:[{}],”id”:”content_section$c0ff277e-d53a-4bd0-909a-e2a418923935″,”slice_type”:”content_section”,”slice_label”:null,”scroll_spy_id”:”section-11″}],”sideNav”:[{“text”:”Where this bias occurs”},{“text”:”Individual effects”},{“text”:”Systemic effects”},{“text”:”Why it happens”},{“text”:”Why it is important”},{“text”:”How to avoid it”},{“text”:”How it all started”},{“text”:”Example 1 – Advertising”},{“text”:”Example 2 – Stereotyping”},{“text”:”Summary”},{“text”:”Related TDL articles”}],”layout”:”ProgressBarLayout”,”globalData”:{“globalAssets”:{“logo_color”:{“dimensions”:{“width”:384,”height”:54},”alt”:”The Decision Lab Logo”,”copyright”:null,”url”:”https://images.prismic.io/thedecisionlab/d46538a4-e63c-4084-92ff-5b4dc151e7d5_TheDecisionLab_Sailec_Longer_Teal2.png?auto=compress,format”},”logo_white”:{“dimensions”:{“width”:384,”height”:54},”alt”:”The Decision Lab 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us”,”hubspot_link”:{“link_type”:”Web”,”url”:”https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3834397/ea2904ee-30cf-42e7-a3a6-0883a8869065″,”target”:”_blank”},”modal”:{“id”:”Yaz1HRMAAB4A2xcx”,”type”:”modal”,”tags”:[],”lang”:”en-ca”,”slug”:”tdl-modal-collaboration”,”first_publication_date”:”2021-12-05T17:21:35+0000″,”last_publication_date”:”2021-12-05T17:21:35+0000″,”data”:{“modal_id”:”tdl-modal-collaboration”,”hubspot_portal_id”:”3834397″,”hubspot_form_id”:”9609991e-ad72-49ac-966c-898cf34fd2c6″,”top_left_text_to_return”:”Return to Website”},”link_type”:”Document”,”isBroken”:false},”prefooter_newsletter_cta”:[{“type”:”heading2″,”text”:”Get new behavioral science insights in your inbox every 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</pre> Toolforge Quickstart guide == RECURRING_CONTRACT ====<br /> This notification comes in when a new recurring payment is created. Right now we are ignoring all of them except recurring iDEAL.<br /> <br /> ==== OFFER_CLOSED ====<br /> ”’iDEAL only”’ When a Pending/Received payment is not authorized.<br /> <br /> When Adyen returns a Pending or Received result from a redirect: "The shopper has completed the payment but the final result is not yet known. It may take minutes or hours for the iDEAL payments network to confirm this."<br /> <br /> The final result of the payment: "You will receive the final result of the payment in an AUTHORISATION notification. If the transaction is not authorised within 30 minutes, the offer will close. Optionally, you can be informed of this through an OFFER_CLOSED notification"<br /> <br /> == Audits ==<br /> Adyen generates csv files on an irregular schedule ‘whenever a payable batch closes’ https://docs.adyen.com/reporting/settlement-detail-report . We process them with the wmf_audits drupal module that calls functions from SmashPig to parse the CSVs. <br /> <br /> == Pending Table ==<br /> The DonationInterface Adyen Checkout adapter as of November 2021 sends duplicated messages to the Pending queue. It might not need to send any messages for card payments, as that queue is mostly used for pending transaction resolution, and that scenario is much less likely under Adyen Checkout due to us making the payment authorization and capture in the same HTTP request where we get the donor data.<br /> == Jobs Queue ==<br /> The IPN listener sends ‘RecordCaptureJob’ messages to the Jobs-Adyen queue. These jobs combine information from the IPN message with information from the pending queue and send information to the donations queue.<br /> <br /> There is also RecurringContractJob which are used for creating new iDEAL recurrings. They combine the recurring token from the IPN message from the original donation information in the pending queue and send the combined information to the donations queue.<br /> <br /> == Testing ==<br /> https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Fundraising_tech/Testing#Adyen</div> Wfan

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[[File:Normal-distribution-cumulative-density-function.svg|thumb|Cumulative probability of a normal distribution with expected value 0 and standard deviation 1]] https://academia.edu/resource/work/1185906
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Wikipedia guidelines
•Guidelines list Policies list
Behavioral
Content
•◦Biographies of Living Persons Citing sources External links Reliable sources medicine Fringe theories Non-free content Offensive material Don’t copy long texts Don’t create hoaxes Patent nonsense Other content guidelines
Editing
Style
•◦Manual of Style contents lists tables
Deletion
•Deletion process Speedy keep Deletion guidelines for administrators
Project content
•◦◦Project pages WikiProjects Templates User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages
Other
•Naming conventions Notability
•vte
•Assume good faith Conflict of interest Courtesy vanishing Disruptive editing Don’t bite the newcomers Don’t edit to make a point Etiquette Don’t game the system User pages Other behavioral guidelines WMF friendly space policy
Discussions
•Talk page guidelines Signatures
•Article size Be bold Edit summary Understandability Other editing guidelines
Organization
•Categories, lists, templates Categorization Disambiguation
Linking and
page manipulation
hide
Linking and diffs
•◦URLs Links Orphans Interlanguage links Interwiki linking Shortcuts External links External link icons Plainlinks Link color Colon trick Pipe trick Self links What links here Linksearch Manual of Style on linking Navigation templates Hatnotes Template index for links
•◦Diffs Simplest diff guide Simple diff and link guide Complete diff and link guide
show
Categorization
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Moving and redirecting
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Importing and copying
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Protecting
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Additional
A shortcut is a specialized type of redirect page that provides an abbreviated wikilink to an administrative page or one of its sections, usually from the Wikipedia namespace or Help namespace. These shortcuts’ abbreviations in all-caps text are commonly used (linked or unlinked) on community pages and talk pages, but should not be used in articles themselves. If there are one or more shortcuts for a page or section, one or more will usually be chosen to be displayed in an information box on the right labelled Shortcut or Shortcuts, as can be seen at the top of this page.
Shortcuts are created for the convenience of editors. It is possible to create a shortcut for any page at all. The existence of a shortcut does not imply or prove that the linked page is a policy or guideline.
Contents
1Quick reference2How to use a Wikipedia shortcut3Readability4Link boxes5Shortcut names6List of prefixes6.1Namespace aliases6.2Pseudo-namespaces7How to create a shortcut8Changing shortcuts9Limitations10See also
Quick reference https://tools.wmflabs.org/interaction-timeline/
Lists of available shortcuts can be found at:
•WP:WP / WP:CUTS = Wikipedia:Shortcut index
•WP:WPR = Wikipedia:Shortcut index/Project shortcuts
•WT:WT = Wikipedia:Shortcuts to talk pages
•WP:PORTCUT = Wikipedia:Shortcut index/Portal shortcuts
•On Meta, shortcuts start with WM:; the list is at m:WM:WM
•Special:PrefixIndex can be used to find uncategorized or unlisted pages starting with a given prefix; for example, Special:PrefixIndex/CAT: will find some category shortcuts
•Template:Useful links contains common shortcuts that are often used linked or unlinked in editor discussions or edit summaries; hover your mouse pointer over Templates used on this page:
•Template:Clear (view source)
•Template:Cloud VPS nav (view source)
•Template:Clr (view source)
•Template:Colored box (view source)
•Template:Colored box/style.css (view source)
•Template:ContentGrid (view source)
•Template:ContentGrid/styles.css (view source)
•Template:Dir (view source)
•Template:Irc (view source)
•Template:Mbox (view source)
•Template:Navigation sidebar (view source)
•
•https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedrecentchanges&days=7&feedformat=atom&hidebots=1&hidecategorization=1&limit=50&urlversion=1 Wikitech – Recent changes [en] 2022-09-02T06:50:37Z Track the most recent changes to the wiki in this feed. MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.27 https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_Engineering/Team&diff=2009093&oldid=2008825 Data Engineering/Team 2022-09-02T06:40:22Z <p><span dir=”auto”><span class=”autocomment”>Our Team</span></span></p> <table style=”background-color: #fff; color: #202122;” data-mw=”interface”> <col class=”diff-marker” />
•td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=”2″ class=”diff-empty diff-side-deleted”></td> <td class=”diff-marker” data-marker=”+”></td> <td style=”color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;”><div>== Other ==</div></td> </tr> <!– diff cache key labswiki:diff:wikidiff2:1.12:old-2008726:rev-2008823:1.13.0 –> </table> AndyRussG vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;”><div>== Recurring charge ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=”2″ class=”diff-empty diff-side-deleted”></td> <td class=”diff-marker” data-marker=”+”></td> <td style=”color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;”><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=”2″ class=”diff-empty diff-side-deleted”></td> <td class=”diff-
Revision as of 10:28, 19 April 2021
Wikipedia:Babel
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frCet utilisateur a pour langue maternelle le français.
en-3This user can contribute with an advanced level of the Englishlanguage.
This user has created a global account. Keymap9’s main account is on Wikipedia (in French).
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to User en-3.
This is a list of Wikipedians that are able to contribute with an advanced level of English.
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en-3This user is able to contribute with an advanced level of English.
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FTSE International Limited trading as FTSE Russell is a British provider of stock market indices and associated data services, wholly owned by the London Stock Exchange and operating from premises in Canary Wharf. It operates the well known UK FTSE 100 Index as well as a number of other indices.Wikipedia •Next higher level: none, non-native equivalent is Category:User en-5 (Professional)
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Top 19 Game Sites Not Blocked by School (2024)Journal articles: 'Just infinite Lie rings' – Grafiati
{{Commons cat|User en-N}}
This is a list of Wikipedians who are ”’native”’ speakers of the [[English language]].
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{{User language subcategory|
|language-code=en
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* Next higher level: none, non-native equivalent is [[:Category:User en-5]] ([[:Category:User en-5|”’Professional”’]])
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[[Category:User en| ]]
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Return to Category:User en-N. Association of Deletionist Wikipedians
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https://research.ftserussell.com/products/index-notices/home/getnotice/?id=2605265
•·
Your connection to this site is secure Anonymous User Protection Squad (AUPS)
•
Tasks[edit]
1.Opposing the current Pending changes anti-vandalism tool and voting against it in the Pending changes/Straw poll
2.Creating userboxes related to the Squad!
See also[edit]
•Inclusionist and Eventualist
•Propaganda userboxes: en:User:Meeso/Userboxes/Respect anon users en:User:Meeso/Userboxes/I was anonymous en:User:Nutiketaiel/NoFlagRev en:User:Promethean/No2
•en:Category:Anonymous-Registered Wikipedians‎
References[edit]
1.↑ en:WP:WikiProject Vandalism studies/Study1#Official_conclusions
•
The following pages link to Category:Wikipedia philosophy:
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•Essays related to Wikipedia‎ (1 category, 138 pages)
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(English)This is an essay. It expresses the opinions and ideas of some Wikimedians but may not have wide support. This is not policy on Meta, but it may be a policy or guideline on other Wikimedia projects. Feel free to update this page as needed, or use the discussion page to propose major changes
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Remove tag_svn_revision from setup.cfg
The attribute isn’t supported in setuptools >= 10.
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trunk/setup.cfg (1 diff) k
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• t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];
• s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window,document,’script’,
• ‘https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js’);
• fbq(‘init’, ‘xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx’);
• fbq(‘track’, ‘PageView’);
• fbq(‘consent’, ‘grant’);
• // End Facebook Pixel
• },
• onRevoke: function() {
• fbq(‘consent’, ‘revoke’);
• }
• }, https://discussions.apple.com/privacy
• {
• name : ‘socialsharing’,
• label: ‘Social Sharing Cookies’,
• description: ‘We use some social sharing plugins, to allow you to share certain pages of our website on social media’,
• cookies: [‘__atuvc’, ‘__atuvs’],
• onAccept : function(){
• // Add addThis
• var script = document.createElement(“script”);
• script.src = “//s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=ra-581b3669203a9a52”;
• document.body.appendChild(script);
• // End addThis
• },
• onRevoke: function(){
• },
• thirdPartyCookies: [{“name”: “AddThis”, “optOutLink”: “http://www.addthis.com/privacy/opt-out”}]
• }
• ],
•
•};
•
•CookieControl.load( config );
•
k
(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i[“GoogleAnalyticsObject”]=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){
(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[analytics].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),
m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)
})(window,document,’script’,’https://www.google-.com/analytics.js’,’ga’);analytics
ga(‘create’, ‘UA-XXXXX-Y’, ‘auto’);
ga(‘send’, ‘pageview’);
// End Google Analytics
},
onRevoke: function(){
// Disable Google Analytics
window[‘ga-disable-UA-XXXXX-Y’] = true;
// End Google Analytics
}
},
{
name : ‘marketing’,
label: ‘Marketing Cookies’,
description: ‘We use marketing cookies to help us improve the relevancy of advertising campaigns you receive.’,
cookies: [‘fr’],
onAccept : function(){
// Add Facebook Pixel
!function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s)
{if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod?
n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};
if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version=’2.0′;
n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;
t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];
s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window,document,’script’,
‘https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js’);
fbq(‘init’, ‘xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx’);
fbq(‘track’, ‘PageView’);
fbq(‘consent’, ‘grant’);
// End Facebook Pixel
},
onRevoke: function() {
fbq(‘consent’, ‘revoke’);
}
},
{Template:Foundationsite language
{{#switch: {{#translation:}}
| ar = ar/
| de = de/
| es = es/
| fr = fr/
| ru = ru/
| zh = zh/
|
}}<noinclude>{{doc}}</noinclude
#REDIRECT [[Template:Documentation]]
{{#invoke:Documentation|main}}
https://foundation.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?hidebots=1&hidecategorization=1&translations=filter&urlversion=1&days=7&limit=50&target=Template%3ADocumentation&action=feedrecentchanges&feedformat=atom Wikimedia Foundation Governance Wiki – Changes related to “Template:Documentation” [en] 2022-04-28T20:17:41Z Related changes MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.9
This module provides easy processing of arguments passed to Scribunto from
— #invoke. It is intended for use by other Lua modules, and should not be
— called from #invoke directly.
local libraryUtil = require(‘libraryUtil’)
local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType
local arguments = {}
— Generate four different tidyVal functions, so that we don’t have to check the
— options every time we call it.
local function tidyValDefault(key, val)
if type(val) == ‘string’ then
val = val:match(‘^%s*(.-)%s*$’)
if val == ” then
return nil
else
return val
end
else
return val
end
end
local function tidyValTrimOnly(key, val)
if type(val) == ‘string’ then
return val:match(‘^%s*(.-)%s*$’)
else
return val
end
end
local function tidyValRemoveBlanksOnly(key, val)
if type(val) == ‘string’ then
if val:find(‘%S’) then
return val
else
return nil
end
else
return val
end
end
local function tidyValNoChange(key, val)
return val
end
local function matchesTitle(given, title)
local tp = type( given )
return (tp == ‘string’ or tp == ‘number’) and mw.title.new( given ).prefixedText == title
end
local translate_mt = { __index = function(t, k) return k end }
function arguments.getArgs(frame, options)
checkType(‘getArgs’, 1, frame, ‘table’, true)
checkType(‘getArgs’, 2, options, ‘table’, true)
frame = frame or {}
options = options or {}
–[[
— Set up argument translation.
–]]
options.translate = options.translate or {}
if getmetatable(options.translate) == nil then
setmetatable(options.translate, translate_mt)
end
if options.backtranslate == nil then
options.backtranslate = {}
for k,v in pairs(options.translate) do
options.backtranslate[v] = k
end
end
if options.backtranslate and getmetatable(options.backtranslate) == nil then
setmetatable(options.backtranslate, {
__index = function(t, k)
if options.translate[k] ~= k then
return nil
else
return k
end
end
})
end
–[[
— Get the argument tables. If we were passed a valid frame object, get the
— frame arguments (fargs) and the parent frame arguments (pargs), depending
— on the options set and on the parent frame’s availability. If we weren’t
— passed a valid frame object, we are being called from another Lua module
— or from the debug console, so assume that we were passed a table of args
— directly, and assign it to a new variable (luaArgs).
–]]
local fargs, pargs, luaArgs
if type(frame.args) == ‘table’ and type(frame.getParent) == ‘function’ then
if options.wrappers then
–[[
— The wrappers option makes Module:Arguments look up arguments in
— either the frame argument table or the parent argument table, but
— not both. This means that users can use either the #invoke syntax
— or a wrapper template without the loss of performance associated
— with looking arguments up in both the frame and the parent frame.
— Module:Arguments will look up arguments in the parent frame
— if it finds the parent frame’s title in options.wrapper;
— otherwise it will look up arguments in the frame object passed
— to getArgs.
–]]
local parent = frame:getParent()
if not parent then
fargs = frame.args
else
local title = parent:getTitle():gsub(‘/sandbox$’, ”)
local found = false
if matchesTitle(options.wrappers, title) then
found = true
elseif type(options.wrappers) == ‘table’ then
for _,v in pairs(options.wrappers) do
if matchesTitle(v, title) then
found = true
break
end
end
end
— We test for false specifically here so that nil (the default) acts like true.
if found or options.frameOnly == false then
pargs = parent.args
end
if not found or options.parentOnly == false then
fargs = frame.args
end
end
else
— options.wrapper isn’t set, so check the other options.
if not options.parentOnly then
fargs = frame.args
end
if not options.frameOnly then
local parent = frame:getParent()
pargs = parent and parent.args or nil
end
end
if options.parentFirst then
fargs, pargs = pargs, fargs
end
else
luaArgs = frame
end
— Set the order of precedence of the argument tables. If the variables are
— nil, nothing will be added to the table, which is how we avoid clashes
— between the frame/parent args and the Lua args.
local argTables = {fargs}
argTables[#argTables + 1] = pargs
argTables[#argTables + 1] = luaArgs
–[[
— Generate the tidyVal function. If it has been specified by the user, we
— use that; if not, we choose one of four functions depending on the
— options chosen. This is so that we don’t have to call the options table
— every time the function is called.
–]]
local tidyVal = options.valueFunc
if tidyVal then
if type(tidyVal) ~= ‘function’ then
error(
“bad value assigned to option ‘valueFunc’”
.. ‘(function expected, got ‘
.. type(tidyVal)
.. ‘)’,
2
)
end
elseif options.trim ~= false then
if options.removeBlanks ~= false then
tidyVal = tidyValDefault
else
tidyVal = tidyValTrimOnly
end
else
if options.removeBlanks ~= false then
tidyVal = tidyValRemoveBlanksOnly
else
tidyVal = tidyValNoChange
end
end
–[[
— Set up the args, metaArgs and nilArgs tables. args will be the one
— accessed from functions, and metaArgs will hold the actual arguments. Nil
— arguments are memoized in nilArgs, and the metatable connects all of them
— together.
–]]
local args, metaArgs, nilArgs, metatable = {}, {}, {}, {}
setmetatable(args, metatable)
local function mergeArgs(tables)
–[[
— Accepts multiple tables as input and merges their keys and values
— into one table. If a value is already present it is not overwritten;
— tables listed earlier have precedence. We are also memoizing nil
— values, which can be overwritten if they are ‘s’ (soft).
–]]
for _, t in ipairs(tables) do
for key, val in pairs(t) do
if metaArgs[key] == nil and nilArgs[key] ~= ‘h’ then
local tidiedVal = tidyVal(key, val)
if tidiedVal == nil then
nilArgs[key] = ‘s’
else
metaArgs[key] = tidiedVal
end
end
end
end
end
–[[
— Define metatable behaviour. Arguments are memoized in the metaArgs table,
— and are only fetched from the argument tables once. Fetching arguments
— from the argument tables is the most resource-intensive step in this
— module, so we try and avoid it where possible. For this reason, nil
— arguments are also memoized, in the nilArgs table. Also, we keep a record
— in the metatable of when pairs and ipairs have been called, so we do not
— run pairs and ipairs on the argument tables more than once. We also do
— not run ipairs on fargs and pargs if pairs has already been run, as all
— the arguments will already have been copied over.
–]]
metatable.__index = function (t, key)
–[[
— Fetches an argument when the args table is indexed. First we check
— to see if the value is memoized, and if not we try and fetch it from
— the argument tables. When we check memoization, we need to check
— metaArgs before nilArgs, as both can be non-nil at the same time.
— If the argument is not present in metaArgs, we also check whether
— pairs has been run yet. If pairs has already been run, we return nil.
— This is because all the arguments will have already been copied into
— metaArgs by the mergeArgs function, meaning that any other arguments
— must be nil.
–]]
if type(key) == ‘string’ then
key = options.translate[key]
end
local val = metaArgs[key]
if val ~= nil then
return val
elseif metatable.donePairs or nilArgs[key] then
return nil
end
for _, argTable in ipairs(argTables) do
local argTableVal = tidyVal(key, argTable[key])
if argTableVal ~= nil then
metaArgs[key] = argTableVal
return argTableVal
end
end
nilArgs[key] = ‘h’
return nil
end
metatable.__newindex = function (t, key, val)
— This function is called when a module tries to add a new value to the
— args table, or tries to change an existing value.
if type(key) == ‘string’ then
key = options.translate[key]
end
if options.readOnly then
error(
‘could not write to argument table key “‘
.. tostring(key)
.. ‘”; the table is read-only’,
2
)
elseif options.noOverwrite and args[key] ~= nil then
error(
‘could not write to argument table key “‘
.. tostring(key)
.. ‘”; overwriting existing arguments is not permitted’,
2
)
elseif val == nil then
–[[
— If the argument is to be overwritten with nil, we need to erase
— the value in metaArgs, so that __index, __pairs and __ipairs do
— not use a previous existing value, if present; and we also need
— to memoize the nil in nilArgs, so that the value isn’t looked
— up in the argument tables if it is accessed again.
–]]
metaArgs[key] = nil
nilArgs[key] = ‘h’
else
metaArgs[key] = val
end
end
local function translatenext(invariant)
local k, v = next(invariant.t, invariant.k)
invariant.k = k
if k == nil then
return nil
elseif type(k) ~= ‘string’ or not options.backtranslate then
return k, v
else
local backtranslate = options.backtranslate[k]
if backtranslate == nil then
— Skip this one. This is a tail call, so this won’t cause stack overflow
return translatenext(invariant)
else
return backtranslate, v
end
end
end
metatable.__pairs = function ()
— Called when pairs is run on the args table.
if not metatable.donePairs then
mergeArgs(argTables)
metatable.donePairs = true
end
return translatenext, { t = metaArgs }
end
local function inext(t, i)
— This uses our __index metamethod
local v = t[i + 1]
if v ~= nil then
return i + 1, v
end
end
metatable.__ipairs = function (t)
— Called when ipairs is run on the args table.
return inext, t, 0
end
return args
end
return arguments
Debug console
* The module exports are available as the variable “p”, including unsaved modifications.
* Precede a line with “=” to evaluate it as an expression or use print(). Use mw.logObject() for tables.
* Use mw.log() and mw.logObject() in module code to send messages to this console.
Template used on this page:
•Module:Arguments/doc (view source)
Return to Module:Arguments.
Chapters (38)
Expand
Thematic organizations (2)
Expand
Wikimedia user groups (139)
“Local chapter/s” redirects here. To see other possible uses, see Chapters, a disambiguation page.
Wikimedia chapters are independent organizations founded to support and promote the Wikimedia projects in a specified geographical region (in most cases, a country). Like the Wikimedia Foundation, they aim to “empower and engage people around the world to collect and develop educational content under a free license or in the public domain, and to disseminate it effectively and globally”. There are currently 38 chapters, with at least one on every inhabited continent.
This page lists current and planned chapters. Please see the step-by-step chapter creation guide and the movement affiliates FAQ for more information. The Affiliations Committee advises on and assists the creation of and to support affiliates.
Some chapters have an office.
Find an overview of chapter-related Meta pages on Chapters Portal.
Publishing:”’ Results will be published publicly, which will include non-identifying data (such as anonymous quotes, statistics, or other aggregate data{{#ifeq: {{{publish_identifying}}} | No |). |) and direct quotes with attribution (either name or username). }} {{#if: {{{publish_example|}}} | For an example, see [{{{publish_example|}}}].}} {{#ifeq: {{{publish_identifying|}}} | No | {{#ifeq: {{{publish}}} | Yes | To facilitate this publishing, you agree to donate your copyrightable contributions to the public domain under the terms of [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Creative Commons Zero 1.0].}} }} {{#ifeq: {{{publish_identifying}}} | Yes | To facilitate this publishing, you agree to license your copyrightable contributions under the terms of [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0].}}}}</div></td> <td class=”diff-marker” data-marker=”+”></td> <td style=”color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;”><div>{{#ifeq: {{{publish}}} | No | ”’No publishing:”’ The results will not be shared publicly.| ”’Publishing:”’ Results will be published publicly, which will include non-identifying data (such as anonymous quotes, statistics, or other aggregate data{{#ifeq: {{{publish_identifying}}} | No |). |) and direct quotes with attribution (either name or username). }} {{#if: {{{publish_example|}}} | For an example, see [{{{publish_example|}}}].}} {{#ifeq: {{{publish_identifying|}}} | No | {{#ifeq: {{{publish}}} | Yes | To facilitate this publishing, you agree to donate your copyrightable contributions to the public domain under the terms of [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Creative Commons Zero 1.0].}} }} {{#ifeq: {{{publish_identifying}}} | Yes | To facilitate this publishing, you agree to license your copyrightable contributions under the terms of [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3<ins style=”font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;”>.0] and [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ 4</ins>.0].}}}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class=”diff-marker”></td> <td style=”background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;”><br /></td> <td class=”diff-marker”></td> <td style=”background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;”><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class=”diff-marker”></td> <td style=”background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;”><div>”’Access:”’ Raw responses will only be shared with Wikimedia {{#if: {{{volunteers|}}} | staff, contractors, service providers, and volunteers | staff, contractors, and service providers }} who need to process this information and are subject to non-disclosure obligations. {{#if:{{{partner|}}}| Please note that we are collaborating with {{#if:{{{link_partner|}}}|[{{{link_partner|}}} {{{partner|}}}]| {{{partner|}}}}}, who is also bound by contractual obligations to treat your information consistently with the principles of our [[Privacy Policy]].}}</div></td> <td class=”diff-marker”></td> <td style=”background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;”><div>”’Access:”’ Raw responses will only be shared with Wikimedia {{#if: {{{volunteers|}}} | staff, contractors, service providers, and volunteers | staff, contractors, and service providers }} who need to process this information and are subject to non-disclosure obligations. {{#if:{{{partner|}}}| Please note that we are collaborating with {{#if:{{{link_partner|}}}|[{{{link_partner|}}} {{{partner|}}}]| {{{partner|}}}}}, who is also bound by contractual obligations to treat your information consistently with the principles of our [[Privacy Policy]].}}</div></td> </tr> <!– diff cache key foundationwiki:diff:wikidiff2:1.12:old-136565:rev-136811:1.13.0 –> </table> MMoss (WMF) https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Tmunksgaard User:Tmunksgaard 2022-04-28T16:52:35Z <p><a href=”/wiki/User:Ternarius” class=”mw-userlink” title=”User:Ternarius”><bdi>Ternarius</bdi></a> renamed user <a href=”/w/index.php?title=User:Tmunksgaard&redirect=no&action=edit&redlink=1″ class=”new” title=”User:Tmunksgaard (page does not exist)”>Tmunksgaard</a> (0 edits) to <a href=”/w/index.php?title=User:OnlineLiteratureDK&action=edit&redlink=1″ class=”new” title=”User:OnlineLiteratureDK (page does not exist)”>OnlineLiteratureDK</a> per <a href=”https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:GlobalRenameQueue/request/91580″ class=”extiw” title=”m:Special:GlobalRenameQueue/request/91580″>request</a></p> Ternarius https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Quessars User:Quessars 2022-04-28T16:30:40Z <p><a href=”/wiki/User:Yamla” class=”mw-userlink” title=”User:Yamla”><bdi>Yamla</bdi></a> renamed user <a href=”/w/index.php?title=User:Quessars&redirect=no&action=edit&redlink=1″ class=”new” title=”User:Quessars (page does not exist)”>Quessars</a> (0 edits) to <a href=”/w/index.php?title=User:Nehemol2341&action=edit&redlink=1″ class=”new” title=”User:Nehemol2341 (page does not exist)”>Nehemol2341</a> per <a href=”https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:GlobalRenameQueue/request/91564″ class=”extiw” title=”m:Special:GlobalRenameQueue/request/91564″>request</a></p> Yamla https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Alihshmteh13780028 User:Alihshmteh13780028 2022-04-28T16:09:58Z <p><a href=”/wiki/User:DejaVu” class=”mw-userlink” title=”User:DejaVu”><bdi>DejaVu</bdi></a> renamed user <a href=”/w/index.php?title=User:Alihshmteh13780028&redirect=no&action=edit&redlink=1″ class=”new” title=”User:Alihshmteh13780028 (page does not exist)”>Alihshmteh13780028</a> (0 edits) to <a href=”/w/index.php?title=User:Ashkan_farhngin&action=edit&redlink=1″ class=”new” title=”User:Ashkan farhngin (page does not exist)”>Ashkan farhngin</a> per <a href=”https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:GlobalRenameQueue/request/91327″ class=”extiw”
In [[statistics]], the ”’standard deviation”’ is a measure of the amount of variation or [[statistical dispersion|dispersion]] of a set of values.<ref name=StatNotes>{{Cite journal|last1=Bland|first1=J.M.|last2=Altman|first2=D.G.|title=Statistics notes: measurement error|date=1996|journal=BMJ |volume=312|issue=7047|pages=1654|pmc=2351401|pmid=8664723|doi=10.1136/bmj.312.7047.1654}}</ref> A low standard deviation indicates that the values tend to be close to the [[mean]] (also called the [[expected value]]) of the set, while a high standard deviation indicates that the values are spread out over a wider range.
Standard deviation may be abbreviated ”’SD”’, and is most commonly represented in mathematical texts and equations by the lower case [[Greek alphabet|Greek letter]] sigma ”'[[Sigma|σ]]”’, for the population standard deviation, or the [[Latin alphabet|Latin letter]] [[s]], for the sample standard deviation.
The standard deviation of a [[random variable]], [[Sample (statistics)|sample]], [[statistical population]], [[data set]], or [[probability distribution]] is the [[square root]] of its [[variance]]. It is [[algebra]]ically simpler, though in practice less [[Robust statistics|robust]], than the [[average absolute deviation]].<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Gauss | first = Carl Friedrich | author-link = Carl Friedrich Gauss
| title = Bestimmung der Genauigkeit der Beobachtungen
| journal = Zeitschrift für Astronomie und Verwandte Wissenschaften
| volume = 1 | pages = 187–197
| year = 1816 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Walker | first = Helen | title = Studies in the History of the Statistical Method
| publisher = Williams & Wilkins Co | year = 1931 | location = Baltimore, MD
| pages = 24–25
}}</ref> A useful property of the standard deviation is that, unlike the variance, it is expressed in the same unit as the data.
The standard deviation of a population or sample and the [[standard error]] of a statistic (e.g., of the sample mean) are quite different, but related. The sample mean’s standard error is the standard deviation of the set of means that would be found by drawing an infinite number of repeated samples from the population and computing a mean for each sample. The mean’s standard error turns out to equal the population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size, and is estimated by using the sample standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size. For example, a poll’s standard error (what is reported as the [[margin of error]] of the poll), is the expected standard deviation of the estimated mean if the same poll were to be conducted multiple times. Thus, the standard error estimates the standard deviation of an estimate, which itself measures how much the estimate depends on the particular sample that was taken from the population.
In science, it is common to report both the standard deviation of the data (as a summary statistic) and the standard error of the estimate (as a measure of potential error in the findings). By convention, only effects more than two standard errors away from a null expectation are considered [[Statistical significance| “statistically significant”]], a safeguard against spurious conclusion that is really due to random sampling error.
When only a [[statistical sample|sample]] of data from a population is available, the term ”standard deviation of the sample” or ”sample standard deviation” can refer to either the above-mentioned quantity as applied to those data, or to a modified quantity that is an unbiased estimate of the ”population standard deviation” (the standard deviation of the entire population).
•Newly reported UNCONFIRMED bugs
•Unreviewed patches
•gnome-love and target milestones (to ensure they are populated)
•NEEDINFO bugs (are there any with recent activity; are there any that are dead and can be closed?)
Related Links
•https://bugzilla.gnome.org/page.cgi?id=fields.html
•Bugsquad/TriageGuide
•Jean-François Fortin Tam – Reducing our core apps’ software inventory
•Jean-François Fortin Tam – Extreme containment measures: keeping your bug reports under control
Comments
AllanDay/BugManagement (last edited 2014-04-02 09:46:06 by AllanDay)
Executed in 0.028 seconds. · Taken 2.36 megabytes of memory to execute.

Instructions appear between <!– and –>.

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Sometimes you just have to turn off the computer.
Changeset 1028 for trunk/bitten/build/tests/api.py
Timestamp:
Jan 17, 2017, 11:40:28 PM (5 years ago)
Author:
rjollos
Message:
Remove tag_svn_revision from setup.cfg
The attribute isn’t supported in setuptools >= 10.
(No files)
How to access RSS data ¶
Anywhere in Trac where RSS is available, you should find a small orange RSS icon, typically at the bottom of the page:
RSS feed
Clicking the icon will access the RSS feed for that specific resource.
Note: Different modules provide different data in their RSS feeds. Usually the syndicated information corresponds to the current view. For example, if you click the RSS link on a report page, the feed will be based on that report. It might be explained by thinking of the RSS feeds as an alternate view of the data currently displayed.
Since Trac 1.0 an RSS feed can be retrieved from a Trac site that requires authentication. Hover over the RSS icon, right click and copy link address.
Links ¶
•Specifications:
•http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss — RSS 2.0 Specification.
•Multi-platform RSS readers:
•http://www.rssowl.org/ — Open source, Eclipse-based, RSS reader for Linux, Mac and Windows systems that supports https and authenticated feeds.
•Linux/BSD/*n*x systems:
•http://liferea.sourceforge.net/ — Open source GTK2 RSS Reader for Linux.
•Akregator — Open source KDE RSS Reader, part of KDE-PIM.
•Mac OS X systems:
•http://ranchero.com/netnewswire/ — An excellent RSS reader for Mac OS X, has both free and paid versions.
•http://www.utsire.com/shrook/ — An RSS reader for Max OS X that supports https, even with self signed certificates, and authenticated feeds.
•http://vienna-rss.sourceforge.net/ — Open source Feed Reader for Mac OS X with smart folders support.
•Windows systems:
•http://www.rssreader.com/ — Free and powerful RSS Reader for MS Windows.
•http://www.sharpreader.net/ — A free RSS Reader written in .NET for MS Windows.
•Firefox:
•http://www.mozilla.org/products/firefox/ — Mozilla Firefox features plenty add-ons for supporting RSS.
See also: Trac Guide, Trac Timeline, Trac Reports, Trac Browser
EUR-Lex
https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?hidebots=1&hidecategorization=1&hideWikibase=1&translations=filter&urlversion=1&days=7&limit=50&target=Wikimedia_Affiliates_Data_Portal&action=feedrecentchanges&feedformat=atom Meta – Changes related to “Wikimedia Affiliates Data Portal” [en] 2022-05-02T22:22:33Z Related changes MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.9
ISO/IEC 27001:2013 Certificate Click to view full certificate.
This page is a member of 1 hidden category (help):
•Category:Project pages with short description
Description
Remove the “Phragment” application
Summary:
Ref T5479. Ref T13658. This was a contributed application from the early days of Phabricator which never had customers or users in the wild. The contributor moved on from the project many years ago.
Any capabilities in this general role would look different today. It also has one or two product name literal strings, so this is as good a time as any to remove it.
This change does not remove storage; I’ll issue upgrade guidance and do that separately after some time.
Test Plan: Grepped for “phragment”, got no relevant hits.
Subscribers: hach-que, PHID-OPKG-gm6ozazyms6q6i22gyam
Maniphest Tasks: T13658, T5479
Differential Revision: https://secure.phabricator.com/D21793
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=50.40.162.26&feedformat=atom
provider “abiquo” {
endpoint = “https://my.abiquo.endpoint:443/api”
username = “user”
password = “pass”
insecure = true
}
resource “abiquo_enterprise” “NewEnterprise” {
name = “NewCustomer”
cpusoft = 300 , cpuhard = 500
ramsoft = 15000 , ramhard = 20000
}
<one line to give the program’s name and a brief idea of what it does.>
Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
An update to your data-sharing settings
The control you have over what information Twitter shares with its business partners has changed. Specifically, your ability to control mobile app advertising measurements has been removed, but you can control whether to share some non-public data to improve Twitter’s marketing activities on other sites and apps. These changes, which help Twitter to continue operating as a free service, are reflected now in your settings. Learn more.
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=50.40.162.26&feedformat=atom Wikipedia – User contributions [en] 2022-05-03T01:52:21Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.9 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:50.40.162.26&diff=1085902053 User talk:50.40.162.26 2022-05-03T01:52:02Z <p>50.40.162.26: /* Help me! */ new section</p> <hr /> <div>== April 2022 ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I’m [[User:John of Reading|John of Reading]]. An edit that you recently made to [[:Wikipedia talk:Please do not bite the newcomers]] seemed to be a test and has been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]]. If you want to practice editing, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. If you think a mistake was made, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User talk:John of Reading|my talk page]]. Thanks!<!– Template:uw-test1 –> [[User:John of Reading|John of Reading]] ([[User talk:John of Reading|talk]]) 20:39, 19 April 2022 (UTC)<br /> {{Block indent|”If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself or [[Special:UserLogin|logging in with an existing account]] so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.”}}<!– Template:Shared IP advice –><br /> <br /> == https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges ==<br /> <br /> {{Short description|Attribute of a geometric shape}}<br /> {{other uses}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}<br /> <br /> The ”’aspect ratio”’ of a [[geometry|geometric]] shape is the [[ratio]] of its sizes in different dimensions. For example, the aspect ratio of a [[rectangle]] is the ratio of its longer side to its shorter side—the ratio of width to height,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/aspect-ratio |title=What is aspect ratio? |first=Margaret |last=Rouse |date=September 2005 |access-date=3 February 2013 |work=WhatIs? |publisher=TechTarget}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e3displays.com/wide-aspect-ratio-display/ |title=Wide aspect ratio display |first=Margaret |last=Rouse |date=September 2002|access-date=18 February 2020|work=display |publisher=E3displays}}</ref> when the rectangle is oriented as a "landscape".<br /> <br /> The aspect ratio is most often expressed as two integer numbers separated by a colon (x:y), less commonly as a simple or decimal [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]]. The values x and y do not represent actual widths and heights but, rather, the proportion between width and height. As an example, 8:5, 16:10, 1.6:1, {{Frac|8|5}} and 1.6 are all ways of representing the same aspect ratio.<br /> <br /> In objects of more than two dimensions, such as [[hyperrectangle]]s, the aspect ratio can still be defined as the ratio of the longest side to the shortest side. Aspect ratios of simple shapes==<br /> ===Rectangles===<br /> {{Main|Aspect ratio (image)}}<br /> For a rectangle, the aspect ratio denotes the ratio of the width to the height of the rectangle. A [[square]] has the smallest possible aspect ratio of 1:1.<br /> <br /> Examples:<br /> * 4:3 = 1.{{overline|3}}: Some (not all) 20th century computer monitors ([[VGA]], [[XGA]], etc.), [[standard-definition television]]<br /> * <math>\sqrt{2}:1 = 1.414…</math>: international paper sizes ([[ISO 216]])<br /> * 3:2 = 1.5: [[135 film|35mm still camera film]], [[iPhone#Models|iPhone]] (until [[iPhone 5]]) displays<br /> * [[16:10]] = 1.6: commonly used [[widescreen]] [[computer display]]s ([[WXGA (graphics)|WXGA]])<br /> * Φ:1 = 1.618…: [[golden ratio]], close to 16:10<br /> * 5:3 = 1.{{overline|6}}: [[super 16 mm]], a standard [[film gauge]] in many European countries<br /> * 16:9 = 1.{{overline|7}}: [[widescreen]] TV and most laptops<br /> * 2:1 = 2: [[Domino (mathematics)|dominoes]]<br /> * 64:27 = 2.{{overline|370}}: ultra-widescreen, [[21:9 aspect ratio|21:9]]<br /> * 32:9 = 3.{{overline|5}}: super ultra-widescreen<br /> <br /> ===Ellipses===<br /> For an ellipse, the aspect ratio denotes the ratio of the [[major axis]] to the [[minor axis]]. An ellipse with an aspect ratio of 1:1 is a circle.∑<br /> [[File:Elps-slr.svg|center|500px]] ♀™↓{{angle bracket|Green &it→}}{{frac|Q{{math{{mvar|Z}}|ℙ}}|}} https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:50.40.162.26&action=info→ https://en.wikipedia.org/w/<br /> ←https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/User_talk:50.40.162.26<br /> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:50.40.162.26→ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Angle_bracket<br /> <br /> == Help me! ==<br /> <br /> {{help me}}<br /> Please help me with…<br /> [[Special:Contributions/50.40.162.26|50.40.162.26]] ([[User talk:50.40.162.26#top|talk]]) 01:52, 3 May 2022 (UTC)<br /> https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use%5B%5BSpecial:Contributions/50.40.162.26|50.40.162.26]] ([[User talk:50.40.162.26#top|talk]]) 01:52, 3 May 2022 (UTC)</div> 50.40.162.26 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Track,_A,&diff=1085901310 Template talk:Track, A, 2022-05-03T01:47:39Z <p>50.40.162.26: https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> Begin forwarded message:<br /> <br /> From: noreply@google.com<br /> Date: December 3, 2021 at 6:59:05 AM CST<br /> To: toddgreen923@gmail.com<br /> Subject: Re: Resources allocated by translatewiki.net<br /> <br /> <br /> Hello,<br /> <br /> Thank you for contacting Google.<br /> <br /> You have emailed an address that is no longer being monitored.<br /> <br /> To get help, please visit https://support.google.com/.</div> 50.40.162.26 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Train_(disambiguation)&diff=1085900927 Train (disambiguation) 2022-05-03T01:45:40Z <p>50.40.162.26: /* Places */</p> <hr /> <div>{{wiktionary|train|trains}}{{Wikiquote}}<br /> A ”'[[train]]”’ is a form of rail transport comprising a series of connected vehicles that usually run along a rail track to transport cargo or passengers.<br /> <br /> ”’Train”'(”’s”’) may also refer to:<br /> {{TOC right}}<br /> <br /> ==Places==<br /> * [[Train, B,]] {{track, A,}}<br /> 1$&Iz is a link error<br /> <br /> ==People==<br /> * [[Train (surname)]]<br /> * [[Matt Bloom]] (born 1972), American professional wrestler sometimes known as A-Train<br /> * [[Ice Train (wrestler)]] (born 1967), Harold Hogue, former American professional wrestler<br /> <br /> == Transport ==<br /> * [[Train (roller coaster)]], the specialized vehicle which transports riders around a roller coaster track<br /> * [[Camel train]], a series of camels carrying goods or passengers in a group<br /> * [[Overland train]], a type of oversized semi-trailer truck that could travel over most terrain<br /> * [[Road train]], a truck design used in remote areas of Australia to move bulky loads efficiently<br /> * [[Trackless train]], a road-going articulated vehicle<br /> * [[Wagon train]], a group of wagons traveling together, especially the American West<br /> <br /> ==Organizations==<br /> * [[TRAIN]], or The Redstone Acceleration & Innovation Network, an organization<br /> * TRAIN, or [[Tourist Railway Association, Inc.]], an organization dedicated to promoting the tourist railway industry in the United States<br /> <br /> == Science and technology ==<br /> * [[Train (unidentified sound)]], one of six unidentified sounds recorded by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<br /> * [[Gear train]], an interconnected series of gears in a machine<br /> ** [[Wheel train (horology)]], the gear train of a mechanical watch or clock<br /> * [[LNG train]], a natural gas liquefaction unit<br /> * [[Software release train]], a concept in software engineering<br /> * [[Wave train]], a finite burst of wave action that travels as a unit<br /> <br /> == Arts, entertainment, and media ==<br /> <br /> ===Games===<br /> * ”Train”, a board game by [[Brenda Romero]]<br /> * ”[[Trainz]]”, a railroad-operations simulation video game<br /> <br /> === Music ===<br /> ====Groups====<br /> * [[Train (band)]], an American rock band<br /> <br /> ====Albums====<br /> * [[Train (album)|”Train” (album)]], their debut album<br /> <br /> ====Songs====<br /> * [[Train (3 Doors Down song)|"Train" (3 Doors Down song)]]<br /> * [[Train (Goldfrapp song)|"Train" (Goldfrapp song)]]<br /> * "Train", a song by 4 Non Blondes from ”[[Bigger, Better, Faster, More!]]”<br /> * {{Nihongo|"Train"|列車|Ressha}}, a song by P-MODEL from the album ”[[Perspective (P-MODEL album)|Perspective]]”<br /> * "Train", a song by [[Ketsumeishi]]<br /> * "Train", a song by The Bats from their 1995 album ”[[Couchmaster]]”<br /> * "Train", a song by Uncle Tupelo from their 1990 album ”[[No Depression (album)|No Depression]]”<br /> * "Trains", a song by Porcupine Tree from ”[[In Absentia]]”<br /> * "Trains", a song by The Vapors from ”[[New Clear Days]]”<br /> {{see also|List of train songs}}<br /> <br /> === Other arts, entertainment, and media ===<br /> * [[Train (film)|”Train” (film)]], a 2008 American horror film<br /> * [[Trains (magazine)|”Trains” (magazine)]], a magazine devoted to trains and railroads<br /> * [[Train Heartnet]], a fictional character in the anime series ”Black Cat”<br /> * "Trains", a monologue by [[Reginald Gardiner]]<br /> * [[Train (TV series)|”Train” (TV series)]], a 2020 South Korean television series<br /> <br /> ==Legislation==<br /> *[[Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Law]] (TRAIN Law), a legislation which made reforms on taxation in the Philippines<br /> * ”Transparency in Regulatory Analysis of Impacts on the Nation Act” (”TRAIN” Act), U.S. House legislation sponsored by [[John A. Sullivan (Oklahoma politician)|John Sullivan]]<br /> <br /> == Other uses ==<br /> * [[Train (clothing)]], the long back portion of a skirt or dress that trails on the ground behind the wearer<br /> * [[Train (military)]], the supply and support units of an army<br /> * Train, the male [[peafowl]]’s elongated upper tail covert feathers as used in display<br /> *Train, or to "run a train", the process of multiple men having sexual intercourse with a single female, with little to no breaks between "sessions"; this is often a form of [[gang rape]]<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Powertrain]], the components that generate and deliver power for a vehicle<br /> * ”[[Soul Train]]”<br /> * [[The Train (disambiguation)]]<br /> * [[Train Train (disambiguation)]]<br /> * [[Training]], the acquisition of useful knowledge and skills through instruction<br /> * [[Trane (disambiguation)]]<br /> * {{Lookfrom|Train}}<br /> * {{intitle|Train}}<br /> <br /> {{disambiguation}}</div> 50.40.162.26 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:B_jonas/Pages_with_shortcuts&diff=1085900511 User:B jonas/Pages with shortcuts 2022-05-03T01:42:17Z <p>50.40.162.26: Undid revision 1009828638 by Wbm1058 (talk)</p> <hr /> <div>[[Special:Contributions/50.40.162.26|50.40.162.26]] ([[User talk:50.40.162.26|talk]]) 01:42, 3 May 2022 (UTC)==Intro==<br /> <br /> This is a list of pages on en.wikipedia that have [[:Template:Shortcut|shortcuts]]. The second phase should be getting all of them (such as with [[Special:Export]]), extract the shortcuts for them, and create pages that list all the shortcuts ordered by the full title and by the shortcut name. See [[Wikipedia:Alphabet_soup]] and [[Wikipedia:Shortcuts]]. &ndash; [[User:b_jonas|b_jonas]] 22:48, 30 August 2008 (UTC)<br /> <br /> The list is now filtered to contain only those 9024 (percent-escaped) titles that transclude the shortcut template, not all 9173 pages that link to it as it previously was. &ndash; [[User:b_jonas|b_jonas]] 11:16, 31 August 2008 (UTC)<br /> <br /> The task consisted of three parts: first I got a list of all pages that transclude the shortcut template from [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Shortcut&limit=500].<br /> <br /> (Meanwhile, I noticed that someone must have done all this work too, as they’ve [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&offset=20070508002459&limit=500&contribs=user&target=Gurch automatically tagged all the redirects from shortcuts with a category]).<br /> <br /> Then, I downloaded all those pages using [[Special:Export]].<br /> <br /> Finally, I parsed out all the shortcuts from it.<br /> <br /> The results are below in five parts. <br /> <br /> The first just shows the list of all pages from the first phase. You probably don’t need this.<br /> <br /> The second is a list of pages that seem to transclude a shortcut but I can’t find the template invocation in the source text of the page. Some of these have the shortcut box in a template box thing that displays the shortcut for that template: that’s good, these shortcuts shouldn’t appear on the list. Some others have the shortcut to the page itself inside a header template that’s used from only that one page: that’s bad, in this case the list will show as if the shortcut pointed to the template, not the page. This should be fixed by an extra round that downloads all the shortcut redirects and checks what they actually link to, but I’m lazy to do that. There might be some other reason why a page appears in this first list as well, eg. a strange invocation of the shortcut through some template or syntax I don’t recognize, or a recent change in the page, etc. If you find a synonym template to shortcut (like eg [[:template:guideline]]) that’s not recognized so the pages using it appear only on this list, message [[User:b_jonas|me]] and I’ll add it and regenerate the list.<br /> <br /> The third is a list of pages that while do invoke the shortcut template, the shortcut can’t be parsed out for some reason. In this case, the invocation and some text after it is shown (and the byte position where it appears in the revision I used). As you can see, this is most common in templates calling the shortcut template with their parameters as an argument.<br /> <br /> The fourth and fifth list shows all the shortcuts I’ve found ordered by the shortcut and by the title where it’s found respectively.<br /> <br /> &ndash; [[User:b_jonas|b_jonas]] 16:05, 1 September 2008 (UTC)<br /> <br /> Uploaded the lists. &ndash; [[User:b_jonas|b_jonas]] 16:19, 1 September 2008 (UTC)<br /> <br /> Just some overall numbers (old):<br /> <br /> * 9024 pages transcluding the shortcut
Translators sometimes misunderstand English idioms and expressions and write translations that are misleading or even incorrect.
GNU
Acronimo ricorsivo che sta per “GNU is Not Unix”. In inglese si pronuncia con la g dura come in “ghiaccio”, in italiano si può pronunciare come in “gnocchi”.
GNU General Public License
Licenza Pubblica Generica di GNU
GPL
GPL (gi-pi-elle). Sta per “General Public License”.
The GNU GPL
La GPL di GNU
Copyleft
Copyleft (not translated in Italian). To learn more about copyleft, see: http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/copyleft.html
Important: in free software contexts we never say that a work is “protected” by a license or by copyright (non si dici un’opera “protetta” o “tutelata”). Instead, we say the work has been published or released “under” such and such license or “according” to such and such law ( l’opera è stata pubblicata “sotto” tale o quale licenza o “in base” a tale e quale legge, per esempio la legge sul diritto d’autore).
Evil
sost. il male; agg. malvagio
Malicious features
Funzionalità malevole
Tyran
Tiranno
DRM (Digital Restrictions Management)
Gestione digitale delle restrizioni.
DRM (Digital Rights Management)
Gestione digitale dei diritti. This is a propaganda term used by the enemies of software freedom. Thus, Stallman uses it only when quoting the enemy. See http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#DigitalRightsManagement
Kindle
Amazon’s marketing name for its ebook reader.
Swindle
The correct name for Amazon’s ebook reader. (See http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html.) You should say “Swindle”, then explain what the word means. Stallman will pause to give you time to do that.
1984 by George Orwell
The famous book by George Orwell that Amazon canceled from all Kindle devices.
iThings
iGadgets. It refers to devices manufactured by Apple such as the iPad, iPhone, etc. Stallman will pause to give you time to explain this.
Some websites Stallman is likely to mention during his speech:
•http://www.gnu.org
•http://www.fsf.org
•fsfe.org
•DefectiveByDesign.org
•stallman.org
* @return array
*/
public function fetchDelimitersOccurrence(array $delimiters, $nb_rows = 1)
{
$nb_rows = $this->validateInteger($nb_rows, 1, ‘The number of rows to consider must be a valid positive integer’);
$filter_row = function ($row) {
return is_array($row) && count($row) > 1;
};
$delimiters = array_unique(array_filter($delimiters, [$this, ‘isValidCsvControls’]));
$csv = $this->getIterator();
$res = [];
foreach ($delimiters as $delim) {
$csv->setCsvControl($delim, $this->enclosure, $this->escape);
$iterator = new CallbackFilterIterator(new LimitIterator($csv, 0, $nb_rows), $filter_row);
$res[$delim] = count(iterator_to_array($iterator, false), COUNT_RECURSIVE);
}
arsort($res, SORT_NUMERIC);
return $res;
}
/**
* Validate an integer
*
* @param int $int
* @param int $minValue
* @param string $errorMessage
*
* @throws InvalidArgumentException If the value is invalid
*
* @return int
*/
protected function validateInteger($int, $minValue, $errorMessage)
{
if (false === ($int = filter_var($int, FILTER_VALIDATE_INT, [‘options’ => [‘min_range’ => $minValue]]))) {
throw new InvalidArgumentException($errorMessage);
}
return $int;
}
/**
* Returns the CSV Iterator
*
* @return SplFileObject
*/
abstract public function getIterator();
/**
* Sets the field enclosure
*
* @param string $enclosure
*
* @throws InvalidArgumentException If $enclosure is not a single character
*
* @return $this
*/
public function setEnclosure($enclosure)
{
if (!$this->isValidCsvControls($enclosure)) {
throw new InvalidArgumentException(‘The enclosure must be a single character’);
}
$this->enclosure = $enclosure;
return $this;
}
/**
* Returns the current field enclosure
*
* @return string
*/
public function getEnclosure()
{
return $this->enclosure;
}
/**
* Sets the field escape character
*
* @param string $escape
*
* @throws InvalidArgumentException If $escape is not a single character
*
* @return $this
*/
public function setEscape($escape)
{
if (!$this->isValidCsvControls($escape)) {
throw new InvalidArgumentException(‘The escape character must be a single character’);
}
$this->escape = $escape;
return $this;
}
/**
* Returns the current field escape character
*
* @return string
*/
public function getEscape()
{
return $this->escape;
}
/**
* Sets the newline sequence characters
*
* @param string $newline
*
* @return static
*/
public function setNewline($newline)
{
$this->newline = (string) $newline;
return $this;
}
/**
* Returns the current newline sequence characters
*
* @return string
*/
public function getNewline()
{
return $this->newline;
} the [[foundation:Legal:Grant_Application_Form_Privacy_Statement|Application Privacy Statement]], [[foundation:Friendly_space_policy|WMF Friendly Space Policy]] and [[Universal Code of Conduct]].</div></td> <td class=”diff-marker”></td> <td style=”background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;”><div>;We/I have read the [[foundation:Legal:Grant_Application_Form_Privacy_Statement|Application Privacy Statement]], [[foundation:Friendly_space_policy|WMF Friendly Space Policy]] and [[Universal Code of Conduct]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=”2″ class=”diff-lineno”>Line 205:</td> <td colspan=”2″ class=”diff-lineno”>Line 208:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class=”diff-marker”></td> <td style=”background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;”><div>{{Wikimedia Foundation Funds/Rapid Fund Feedback}}</div></td> <td class=”diff-marker”></td> <td style=”background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;”><div>{{Wikimedia Foundation Funds/Rapid Fund Feedback}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class=”diff-marker”></td> <td style=”background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;”><br /></td> <td class=”diff-marker”></td> <td style=”background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;”><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class=”diff-marker” data-marker=”−”></td> <td style=”color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;”><div>[[Category:{{Fluxx status|<del style=”font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;”>draft</del>}} Rapid Funds (Wikimedia Community Fund) for unknown region in FY {{Wikimedia Foundation Funds/Fiscal year|}}]]</div></td> <td class=”diff-marker” data-marker=”+”></td> <td style=”color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;”><div>[[Category:{{Fluxx status|<ins style=”font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;”>new</ins>}} Rapid Funds (Wikimedia Community Fund) for unknown region in FY {{Wikimedia Foundation Funds/Fiscal year|}}]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class=”diff-marker” data-marker=”−”></td> <td style=”color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;”><div>[[Category:{{Fluxx status|<del style=”font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;”>draft</del>}} Rapid Funds for unknown region in FY {{Wikimedia Foundation Funds/Fiscal year|}}]][[Category:Rapid Fund (Wikimedia Community Fund) proposals in FY {{Wikimedia Foundation Funds/Fiscal year|}}]][[Category:{{Fluxx status|<del style=”font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;”>draft</del>}} Rapid Funds in FY {{Wikimedia Foundation Funds/Fiscal year|}}]][[Category:{{Fluxx status|<del style=”font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;”>draft</del>}} Rapid Funds (Wikimedia Community Fund) in FY {{Wikimedia Foundation Funds/Fiscal year|}}]]</div></td> <td class=”diff-marker” data-marker=”+”></td> <td style=”color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid;
Pageviews split by country
All data for this metric is from agents that we believe to be human users. We detect and exclude automated agents that are either self-identified or fit heuristic rules we tailored to this dataset.
Get the top countries that visited any wikimedia project in November 2017 from any access (desktop, mobile web and app):
GET https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/metrics/pageviews/top-by-country/all-projects/all-access/2017/11
Get the top countries that visited Portuguese Wikipedia via the mobile app on August 2016:
GET https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/metrics/pageviews/top-by-country/pt.wikipedia/mobile-app/2016/08
Most viewed articles per country
Get the top 1000 most viewed articles from Japan on January 2nd, 2021:
GET https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/metrics/pageviews/top-per-country/JP/all-access/2021/01/02
Get the top 1000 most viewed articles visited via the mobile app from the United States on February 28th, 2021:
GET https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/metrics/pageviews/top-per-country/US/mobile-app/2021/02/28
Pageviews for ALL projects
Daily
GET https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/metrics/pageviews/aggregate/all-projects/all-access/all-agents/daily/2015100100/2015103000
Monthly
GET https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/metrics/pageviews/aggregate/all-projects/all-access/all-agents/monthly/2015100100/2016103000
Pagecounts (legacy data)
•Analytics/AQS/Legacy Pagecounts: Legacy pagecounts (covers 2008–2016)
The API
What is it?
The Pageview API is a collection of REST endpoints that serve analytical data about pageviews in Wikimedia’s projects. It’s developed and maintained by WMF’s Analytics and Services teams, and is implemented using Analytics’ Hadoop cluster and RESTBase. This API is meant to be used by anyone interested in pageview statistics on Wikimedia wikis: Foundation, communities, and the rest of the world.
How to access
The API is accessible via https at wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1. As it is public, it doesn’t need authentication and it supports CORS. The urls are structured like this:
/metrics/pageviews/{endpoint}/{parameter 1}/{parameter 2}/…/{parameter N}
Country data and privacy
Pageviews by country privacy study: [1]
Analytics/AQS/Pageviews/Pageviews per project
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This page documents the implications and decisions taken regarding user privacy in the Pageviews by country data set
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Content related to maintenance of the Wikimedia Foundation Governance Wiki.
Subcategories
This category has the following 21 subcategories, out of 21 total.
The specified export format is not supported by the message group. {{DISPLAYTITLE:Category:All}}<languages />
This is the highest level of the Wikimedia category system.
[[Category:Maintained by Communications department{{#translation:}}]]<br /> [[Category:All{{#translation:}}| ]]<br /> __NOTOC__<br /> </div></div> Mehman97 https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikistories_Early_Adopters_Feedback_Survey Wikistories Early Adopters Feedback Survey 2022-08-16T00:59:17Z <p>EMagallanes (WMF): Fixing media wiki project link</p> <hr /> <div>{{Privacy statement<br /> |title=Wikistories Early Adopters Feedback Survey<br /> |title_link=mw:Wikistories<br /> |team=Inuka and Design Strategy<br /> |contact=eli<br /> |retention=90 days<br /> |purpose=2. improve user experience<br /> |purpose2=9<br /> |purpose3=10<br /> |outreach=Yes<br /> |tool=Qualtrics<br /> |demographic=Yes<br /> |recording=No<br /> |account_activity=Yes<br /> |publish=Yes<br /> |publish_identifying=No<br /> |volunteers=No<br /> |cc_zero=Yes}}</div> EMagallanes (WMF) https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/MS_Implementation_Survey_-_Summit_2022 MS Implementation Survey – Summit 2022 2022-08-10T21:14:56Z <p>EMagallanes (WMF): Creating page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Privacy statement|title=MS Implementation Survey – Summit 2022|team=Movement Strategy and Governance team|contact=helyoussef|retention=indefinitely|purpose=7. manage internal knowledge|purpose2=10|purpose3=5|event=Yes|meeting=Yes|services=Yes|find=Yes|community=Yes|outreach=Yes|tool=LimeSurvey|recording=No|publish=No|publish_identifying=Yes|volunteers=No|cc_bysa=Yes
MEMZAT10 •The action you have requested is limited to users in one of the groups: Users, Editors.
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Content related to maintenance of the Wikimedia Foundation Governance Wiki.
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